<p>The Fort Hollingsworth–White House is a well-preserved example of an early frontier fort built near Alto, Georgia in the late 18th century. The fort was built around 1793 by Jacob Hollingsworth on newly opened lands resulting from treaties with the Cherokee Nation, and was meant to protect the settlers in the area. The fort was adapted as a farm residence, principally by the White family, and has passed through generations of owners. It is now operated as a non-profit open-air museum.</p><br>
<p>Fort Hollingsworth was first shown on a map of the Defensive Plan for the Western Frontier, for Franklin County in 1793.</p><br>
<h2>Colonial era</h2><br>
<p>Georgias boundaries in the 1700s can best be described as the wild frontier. Between 1782 and 1797 various treaties were made with the Indians to define Georgias boundaries. Forts were built to protect the settlers who lived on the frontier from local indigenous Indians who were likely to be incited by misunderstandings. Horses and farm animals were often stolen and families had to be protected in fortress-type buildings surrounded by wooden fences.</p><br>
<p>The lands of the first settlers of Franklin County, whose lands were granted by the State of Georgia between 1783 and 1788, lay north of the Indian Boundary fixed by the Treaty of Hopewell of 1785. These lands were granted under the impression that they lay south of the agreed boundary line. When this line was surveyed it was found that these lands lay north of the boundary line in the Cherokee Nation. The Indians demanded their immediate removal.</p><br>
<p>Col. William H. Wofford and Jacob Hollingsworth moved from North Carolina to Franklin County, Georgia in 1792. The area where they settled was known as Wofford’s Settlement. When the line was surveyed by Benjamin Hawkins in 1798, Col. Wofford learned that their settlement was considered to be in Indian territory. He along with other settlers in the area petitioned Georgia Governor James Jackson to have the line re-drawn, or to take such action to protect them and their possessions from Indian raids.</p><br>
<p>Some sources claim that Col. Wofford mounted his horse and rode to Washington to talk with the authorities about his land holdings in Georgia. Settlers wrote a letter to Governor Josiah Tattnall, requesting a tract of land five miles wide between the Tugaloo and Apalachee Rivers, and asked the Governor to support their petition. The result was the "Four Mile Purchase" of 1804. The Indians ceded a strip of land four miles wide (from the Habersham – Banks County line on Baldwin Mountain, to on old Hwy. 441) and 23 miles long (extending from Currahee Mountain to the head waters of the South Oconee River) which included the Wofford Settlement. A line of felled trees some twenty-feet wide originally marked the line, which became a "no man&#39;s land." The United States agreed to pay the Cherokees $5,000 and $1,000 per annum for the property rights.</p><br>
<p>When the boundary lines were redrawn as part of the Treaty of Tellico, Fort Hollingsworth was in Franklin County, then in Habersham County and finally in Banks County (1858).</p><br>
<p>By about 1796, conflicts with local Indian tribes were no longer a concern and the string of frontier forts were no longer necessary. The forts soon became log farmhouses.</p><br>
<p>The Woffords and Hollingsworths traveled together to new frontiers in the West using passports to travel through Indian territory. Genealogy records show, as the years passed, that many of their descendants packed up their belongings and moved farther west. Fort Hollingsworth was left on vacant lands.</p><br>
<p>In Habersham County Inferior Court, setting as a land court, May term 1855, William B. Wofford, son of Nathaniel Wofford, grandson of Col. William H. Wofford, petitioned the court for a head rights warrant for vacant lands. He received the grant from the state on Oct. 2, 1855. He sold Fort Hollingsworth to Robert McMillan on April 18, 1857. McMillan soon after sold the property to John Lane.</p><br>
<h2>John Lane obtains Fort Hollingsworth</h2><br>
<p>John Lane owned the property for a little over a month when the Civil War started. He then went to war, serving in Company D of the 43rd Regiment of Georgia (CSA). He also served in the Volunteer Infantry in the Army of Tennessee (CSA), otherwise known as the "Middle River Volunteers." Lane would not return from his service in the Confederate States Army. He was killed in Tennessee while he was returning from getting water from a spring in a friendly fire incident. His men mistook him for the enemy and shot him.</p><br>
<h2>The White House</h2><br>
<p>Joshua White and Katharine Lane White (John&#39;s sister) obtained the fort and made it their home. They built the addition to the two story single pen that had been the fort and made it look like any other farmhouse of the mid 1800s. The addition was linked to the original structure by a covered walkway, known as a dogtrot.</p><br>
<p>In 1903 the fort was passed to the children of Joshua and Katharine Lane White. Lafayette (Fate) and Emma Payne White raised their family there. In 1936 Beacher White, grandson of Josh and Katy White, acquired the property. In 1980 it passed to Beacher and Mellie Segars White&#39;s children.</p><br>
<p>Fort Hollingsworth–White House looks very much today as it did in the 1860s. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Fort Hollingsworth–White House is operated by the non-profit organization, Friends of the Fort.</p><br>
<p>A recent addition to the property was the acquisition (and ongoing restoration) of some outbuildings from the Chandler-David family property near Five Points on the Old Carnesville Road in Banks County. These buildings include a smoke house, a wash house, and a corn crib, all dating from around 1835–1840.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology at Fort Hollingsworth</h2><br>
<p>The LAMAR Institute performed a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) survey of major portions of the yard at Fort Hollingsworth in 2014. The results of this survey are fully documented in a research report by Elliott (2014)**.</p><br>
<p>Washington Park  is a 372 acre Washington Park is the largest of four Chicago Park District parks named after persons surnamed Washington . Located in the park is the DuSable Museum of African American History. This park was the proposed site of the Olympic Stadium and the Olympic swimming venue for Chicago&#39;s bid to host the 2016 Summer Olympics. Washington Park was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 20, 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Formation</h2><br>
<p>Washington Park was conceived by Paul Cornell, a Chicago real estate magnate who had founded the adjoining town of Hyde Park. Cornell had lobbied the Illinois General Assembly to establish the South Park Commission. After his efforts succeeded in 1869, the South Park Board of Commissioners identified more than 1,000 acre south of Chicago for a large park and boulevards that would connect it with downtown and the extant West Park System. Originally called South Park, the property was composed of eastern and western divisions, now bearing the names Jackson and Washington Parks and the Midway Plaisance. Cornell hired Frederick Law Olmsted and his partner, Calvert Vaux, to lay out the park in the 1870s. Their blueprints were destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871.</p><br>
<p>When Olmsted first examined the property, he saw a field filled with bare trees and decided to maintain its character by creating a meadow surrounded by trees. His plan for the park called for sheep to graze as a means of keeping the grass short. Cornell convinced Olmsted to include sporting areas, although Olmsted wanted a more natural feel to the park, which included a 13 acre lake. The Western division was renamed Washington Park in 1881.</p><br>
<p>Olmsted designed the park to have two broad boulevards cutting through it, making it part of Chicago&#39;s boulevard system. From Washington Park, one can take the Midway east to Jackson Park, Garfield Boulevard west to Chicago Midway International Airport, or Drexel Boulevard north to the central city.</p><br>
<p>Horace William Shaler Cleveland executed the plans within the limitations of the financial setbacks from the fire (including the loss of tax rolls) and the 1873 depression. However, since spending for the park was diverted after the Great Chicago Fire in 1871. The loss of financial backing and difficulty in levying taxes after the fire meant that a water park could not be built on the property. The Washington Park Conservatory, like those of other city parks such as Humboldt and Douglas Parks, was torn down in the 1930s due to limited resources as a result of the Great Depression. This left Lincoln Park and Garfield Park as Chicagos main Conservatories. One of the earliest improvements was the "South Open Green," a pastoral meadow with grazing sheep, also used as a ball field. Architect Daniel H. Burnhams firm designed the 1880 limestone round stables, the 1881 refectory, and the 1910 administrative headquarters for the South Park Commission. Other early attractions to the park included riding stables, cricket grounds, baseball fields, a toboggan slide, archery ranges, a golf course, bicycle paths, row boats, horseshoe pits, greenhouses, a rose garden, a bandstand, a small zoo featuring six alligators, and a lily pond.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On December 6, 1879, former USA President Ulysses Grant took part in a tree planting ceremony in the park. A memorial boulder with a plaque (both of which have been removed from the park, along with the tree) commemorated the event. In the 1920s black semiprofessional baseball teams played at Washington Park.</p><br>
<p>At the southeast corner of the park, at 61st and Cottage Grove, Washington Park Racetrack operated between 1883 and 1905. It was one of the largest and grandest horse racetracks of its time. A nine-hole golf course was built in the infield and several of its buildings survive today as part of the Park District. This includes the stables used by Chicago Police at 58th and Cottage Grove. The racetrack closed after Illinois outlawed gambling, and the name was transferred to a second track in Homewood, Illinois. (See the Washington Park Racetrack Wikipedia site for photos and references.)</p><br>
<p>Washington Park was a site of tension and conflict arising from the demographic changes resulting from the African American expansion into the neighborhood in the period following the First World War. The park has since 1961 hosted the DuSable Museum of African American History, a leader in the promotion of the history, art and culture of African American heritage.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Washington Park is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a United States Registered Historic District. Its National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Submission consisted of 3,670 acre containing 15 contributing buildings, 28 contributing structures, and 8 contributing objects. Interesting sights in the Park include the DuSable Museum of African American History and its sculpture garden, the Lorado Taft sculpture Fountain of Time, and an architecturally distinctive National Guard armory. Washington Park is a social center of the South Side and hosts many festivals in the summer, including Chicagos best organized cricket league and the terminus of the Bud Billiken Parade and Picnic. The largest 16" softball league in Chicago is played there on Sundays (called "Sundays Best Softball League"). There are 34 teams who play on 13 diamonds. There is also a weekday evening league.</p><br>
<h2>2016 Olympic bid</h2><br>
<p>On September 21, 2006, Mayor Richard M. Daley announced that an Olympic Stadium was being proposed for Washington Park as part of Chicago&#39;s bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics (The International Olympic Committee requires cities have a dome with a seating capacity of at least 80,000 in order to be considered as summer Olympics hosts). The stadium would have seated 95,000 initially for the games, and would have been converted to a 10,000-seat below-ground arena for track-and-field and cultural events after the Olympics. The cost was estimated to be at least $300–400 million (USD). The plan replaced the initial dual stadium opening ceremony facility.</p><br>
<p>Additional details about the plan included new permanent hockey fields, use of Jones Armory, and new pedestrian juncture between the two halves of the park by tunneling part of Morgan Drive (55th). A later December 2008 plan added the olympic swimming venue to the park. The plan faced opposition from those holding the view that Washington Parks listing on the National Register of Historic Places could not have survived the execution of this Olympic plan. In addition to the opposition, the plan faced constraints because of the parks landmark status, which precluded federal money from being used to build a temporary stadium in the park. The decision, in October 2009, to award the 2016 Summer Games to Rio de Janeiro halted these plans.</p><br>
<p>Irondequoit Bay is a large body of water located in northeastern Monroe County, New York. The bay, roughly 0.5 mi wide and 4 mi in length, is fed by Irondequoit Creek to the south and flows into Lake Ontario at its northern end. On average, the surface of Irondequoit Bay rests at 245 ft above sea level and is 80 ft deep at its deepest point a short distance north of the Irondequoit Bay Bridge carrying the six-lane New York State Route 104 over the bay.</p><br>
<p>The center of the bay acts as the eastern border for the town of Irondequoit and the western border of the towns of Penfield and Webster. The Irondequoit–Penfield boundary continues along the center of Irondequoit Creek south of the New York State Route 404 float bridge.</p><br>
<p>During the past million years there were four glacial ages that covered the Rochester area with ice and impacted the geography of the area. The most recent glacier that left evidence here was about 100,000 years ago and it caused compression of the earth by as much as 2,500 ft. About 12,000 years ago, the area underwent massive changes, which included the rerouting of the Genesee River and other water bodies. Since the earth rebounded from the melting glaciers more rapidly in Canada than in New York, water from Lake Ontario was spilled over New York due to its lower elevation. During this time, the original outlet of the Genesee River was flooded out, creating Irondequoit Bay.</p><br>
<p>On a French map of the area from 1688 titled "Le Lac Ontario" Irondequoit Bay was referred to as the "swamp of the Senecas". Prior to the 1840s, the bay was known as "Teoronto Bay."</p><br>
<p>Seven parks abut the bay:</p><br>
<p>Devil&#39;s Cove Park, Webster</p><br>
<p>Ellison Park, Penfield</p><br>
<p>Irondequoit Bay Marine Park, Irondequoit</p><br>
<p>Abraham Lincoln Park (formerly Irondequoit Bay Park East), Penfield</p><br>
<p>Irondequoit Bay Park West, Irondequoit</p><br>
<p>LaSalle&#39;s Landing Park, Penfield</p><br>
<p>Sandbar Park, Webster</p><br>
<p>Campgaw Mountain is the northernmost ridge of the volcanically formed Watchung Mountains, straddling the border of Franklin Lakes, Oakland, and Mahwah in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. Located almost entirely within the bounds of Campgaw Mountain Reservation, the mountain offers numerous outdoor recreational opportunities, including the only ski slope in the Watchungs. Campgaw Mountain is commonly considered to be part of the greater Ramapo Mountains region, but the flora and geology of the mountain is quite different from the surrounding area and more closely resembles the nearby Preakness Range to the south.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Campgaw Mountain extends for three miles approximately north to south along the border of Franklin Lakes, Oakland, and Mahwah. The peak of the mountain rises to 752 feet (229 meters) in Mahwah, becoming the fourth highest peak of Watchungs, though the height of the mountain as measured from its base is generally less than 400 feet (122 meters). A shallow gap exists between Campgaw Mountain and the Preakness and Goffle Hill ranges of the Watchungs to the south, somewhat isolating the ridge from the rest of the Watchung Mountains despite contiguous geology below the surface. In the north, the mountain terminates at the Ramapo Fault, the western border of the Newark Basin. Campgaw Mountain also marks the eastern edge of the Ramapo River Valley, forming a sizable basin between itself and the Ramapo Mountains.</p><br>
<p>An unusual trait of Campgaw Mountain is that it is composed of the ridges of both First and Second Watchung Mountain. Fyke Brook, a tributary of the Ramapo River, divides the two ridges, running northwest through a narrow valley along the northeastern corner of the mountain. Second Watchung Mountain comprises the majority of Campgaw Mountain at the surface.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before the arrival of Europeans, Campgaw Mountain was inhabited by Munsee (Minsi) Lenape. Evidence of the Lenape presence around Campgaw can be found in a former village that existed on the north side of the mountain, along the south bank of the Ramapo River. Reflecting on this Native American heritage, the mountain is named for a Lenape chief, Kum-Kow, with the name Campgaw being a modern variation of the original spelling. Taken literally, the syllables in the name Kum-Kow probably translate to goose-hedgehog.</p><br>
<p>An historical account from 1834 indicates that Campgaw Mountain’s summits were once under extensive cultivation. This would seem to explain the numerous stone walls, apparently former property boundaries, running through the woods along the mountain. Another historical work from 1894 detailing New Jersey’s forests shows that Campgaw Mountain was covered by a nearly unbroken expanse of chestnut, oak, and redcedar, indicating that cultivation along the ridgeline may have declined by that time. Campgaw Mountain was essentially wilderness in 1960 when property on the ridge was taken by the Bergen County Park Commission to create Campgaw Mountain Reservation. The park, which opened in June 1961, forced many of the Ramapough Mountain Indians inhabiting Campgaw Mountain and the surrounding area off their land.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the development of the park, Campgaw Mountain saw the construction of a Nike missile base during the height of the Cold War. Installed on the mountain between 1955 and 1971, the base’s missiles served to guard New York City’s air space, standing by to intercept nuclear armed Soviet bombers. The facility was ultimately abandoned with the advent of intercontinental ballistic missiles.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Campgaw Mountain formed as molten rock extruded onto the surface 185 million years ago. At that time the mountain occupied the northern section of an active rift valley running through northern and central New Jersey and part of Pennsylvania. After the rift failed in the early Jurassic, the mountain was elevated as erosion removed the sandstone and shale surrounding the basalt lava flows of Campgaw Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The main ridge of the mountain is primarily composed of Preakness Basalt, being an extension of Second Watchung Mountain, but the northeast corner of the mountain is composed of Orange Mountain Basalt, as the ridge of First Watchung Mountain emerges from surrounding glacial sediments along the north side of main ridge. The combined ridges of First and Second Watchung Mountain make a slight turn to the west before terminating at the Ramapo Fault, marking the northernmost limit of the Watchung</p><br>
<p>Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Campgaw Mountain appears somewhat detached from the rest of the Watchungs because it occupies a local syncline (downfold) that is itself somewhat detached from the main Watchung syncline by an intervening anticline (upfold). The effect of this is that, when traveling north from the Preakness Range and Goffle Hill, the ridges of First and Second Watchung Mountain seem to slowly dip back into the Earth before reemerging again as Campgaw Mountain. Despite the apparent gap at the surface, Campgaw Mountain is firmly linked to the rest of the Watchungs by the continuity of the ridges through the anticline.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Campgaw Mountain, while adjacent to the Ramapo Mountains, features a unique ecosystem in relation to the surrounding area. In fact, according to the USA EPA, Campgaw Mountain is in a level III and IV ecoregion that is completely different from the Ramapo Mountains. Specifically, Campgaw Mountain’s ecology is defined by its status as a level IV trap rock and conglomerate upland (ecoregion 64b), similar to the nearby Preakness Range. Features of this ecoregion include thin, well drained soils and oak forests. Hemlock forests on northern facing slopes are also common to this ecoregion, and these are characteristically present along the northeastern slope of Campgaw Mountain.</p><br>
<p>Boyle Jr., William J. A Guide to Bird Finding in New Jersey. Rutgers University Press, Piscataway, NJ, 2002. See Page 115.</p><br>
<p>In addition to oak, chestnut and redcedar were historically prominent on Campgaw Mountain. Today, chestnuts have been eliminated by the accidental importation of chestnut blight in the early twentieth century. Redcedar, however, is still abundant along the ridgeline, unlike on nearby Goffle Hill, where the tree has been all but extirpated, and in the Preakness Range, where redcedar has become rare.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Campgaw Mountain Reservation</p><br>
<p>There are two 18 hole disc golf courses at Campgaw. The longer course is called Mighty Gaw. The shorter course has two tees for each hole, which provide suitable tees for most levels of play.</p><br>
<p>Lyell Glacier is in the Sierra Nevada of California. The glacier was discovered by John Muir in 1871, and was the largest glacier in Yosemite National Park. It lies on the northern slopes of Mount Lyell.</p><br>
<p>The glacier has retreated since the end of the Little Ice Age in the mid-19th century. During the mid-20th Century, the glacier split into two smaller glaciers occupying the high cirques of Mount Lyell.</p><br>
<p>Since 1883, the glacier area has retreated up to 70 percent. Another glacier, the Maclure Glacier on nearby Mount Maclure, has also retreated significantly.</p><br>
<p>According to a study in 2013, today the Lyell is no longer a glacier, having lost any movement and thus it should be considered an ice field.</p><br>
<p>The Upsala Glacier is a large valley glacier in a disputed territory between Chile and Argentina. It flows from the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, feeding the nearby Perito Moreno Glacier. The glacier terminus is at Lago Argentino. The Upsala Glacier is well known for its rapid retreat, which many see as evidence for global warming. Its retreat has been ongoing since the glacier was first documented in 1810.</p><br>
<p>The name comes from the old spelling with one p of Uppsala University, which sponsored the first glaciological studies in the area. The University is located in Uppsala, Sweden.</p><br>
<p>The glacier showed almost continual recession up until 1999. The acceleration in ice motion during the two decades preceding 1999 may have been augmented by the release of backstress when the glacier retreated beyond the islands in Brazo Upsala. Another period of even faster retreat started in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Lud&#39;s Church  is a deep chasm penetrating the Millstone Grit bedrock created by a massive landslip on the hillside above Gradbach, Staffordshire, England. It is located in a wood known as Back Forest, in the South West Peak, towards the southwest fringe of the Peak District National Park about 4 km west of the A53 between Leek and Buxton. Over 100 m long and 18 m deep, all but the upper third of the slope has slipped forward towards the River Dane. It is mossy and overgrown, wet and cool even on the hottest of days.</p><br>
<h2>Geological origins</h2><br>
<p>Lud&#39;s Church is formed within the thick bed of coarse Carboniferous sandstone known as the Roaches Grit which here dips northeastwards into the Goyt Syncline. The rocks of this area are traversed by numerous roughly northwest-to-southeast-oriented faults and fracture planes. In addition, weak layers of mudstone exist within the sequence. It is along such lines of weakness that a large mass of the Roaches Grit bounding the northeast side of the rift has slipped slightly downhill into the Dane Valley resulting in the open rift. The age of the movement is unknown but is likely to be post-glacial.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area has a place in Christian history: the Lollards, who were followers of John Wycliffe, an early church reformer, are supposed to have used this as a secret place of worship during the early 15th century, when they were being persecuted for their religious beliefs. Luds Church may have been named after Walter de Ludank or Walter de Lud-Auk who was captured here at one of their meetings.A wooden ships figurehead from the ship Swythamley formerly stood in a high niche above the chasm, placed there by Philip Brocklehurst, then the landowner, around 1862. It was called Lady Lud and was supposed to commemorate the death of the daughter of a Lollard preacher.</p><br>
<p>A number of climbing routes up the sides of the chasm were pioneered during the 20th century but climbing is now discouraged so as to protect the lower plants that have colonised the damp rock-faces.</p><br>
<h2>In legend</h2><br>
<p>Robin Hood, Friar Tuck and Bonny Prince Charlie are all reputed to have hidden from the authorities within the chasm. Ralph Elliott, local Luddites (known to be active in the area during the Luddite protests), and others have identified Luds Church as the Green Chapel of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The first to claim Luds Church as the Green Chapel was Ralph Elliott in a 1958 Times newspaper article.</p><br>
<p>Mount Patah  is a heavily forested quaternary age volcano southeast of Mount Dempo on Sumatra island, Indonesia. On 1 May 1989, a fumarole activity was observed by a pilot near the summit. The exact location of the crater, the date of its formation and its geologic relationship is uncertain.</p><br>
<p>Mount Patah is in a protected forest area King Mendara, with a total area of 42.567 hectares. The peak of the mountain is located on the border of the province of Bengkulu and South Sumatra with a height of 2,817 meters above sea level, in the western part there is a crater sulfur which is located into the region of Bengkulu province at an altitude of 2,600 meters above sea level, in the southern part of the crater there is a volcanic lake with an altitude of 2,550 meters above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The Tusayan Ruins  is an 800-year-old Pueblo Indian site located within Grand Canyon National Park, and is considered by the National Park Service  to be one of the major archeological sites in Arizona.</p><br>
<p>The site consists of a small, u-shaped pueblo featuring a living area, storage rooms, and a kiva. Tree ring studies indicate that the site was occupied for about twenty years, beginning around 1185. It is found on the "Desert View Drive" portion of Arizona State Route 64, 3 miles west of the Desert View Watchtower. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The site was excavated in 1930 by members of the Gila Pueblo of Globe, Arizona. Preservation work took place in 1948 and 1965. The site represents the survival of an isolated Pueblo II culture into the Pueblo III era.</p><br>
<p>The Tusayan Ruin and Museum is a NPS interpreted location, which includes a trail from the museum thru part of the ruin. Tours may be ranger lead or self-guided. The Tusayan Museum was built in 1928 to a design by National Park Service architect Herbert Maier and sponsored by Laura Spelman Rockefeller as a "trailside museum.". It was expanded in 1934, and represents an interpretation of a Hopi structure.</p><br>
<p>Gold Brook Covered Bridge, also known as Stowe Hollow Bridge or Emily&#39;s Bridge, is a small wooden covered bridge in the town of Stowe, Lamoille County, Vermont, carrying Covered Bridge Road over Gold Brook. Built in 1844, it is the only 19th-century covered bridge in the state built using wooden Howe trusses and carrying a public roadway. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Gold Brook Covered Bridge is located in the Stowe Hollow area of southeastern Stowe, carrying Covered Bridge Road across Gold Brook just north of a junction with Gold Brook Road and Stowe Hollow Road. The bridge is a single-span Howe truss, 48.5 ft long and 17 ft wide, with a roadway width of 13.5 ft. It is covered by a gabled metal roof and rests on dry-laid stone abutments. The exterior is sheathed in vertical board siding, which extends most of the way to the eaves, leaving a narrow strip open at the top. The siding extends around the portals and a short way to their insides. The bridge decking is wooden planking.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built about 1844 by John W. Smith, and is the state&#39;s only surviving example of a Howe truss in timber on a public roadway. It is also a comparatively early example of the truss type in general; the Howe truss was patented in 1840. It is furthermore the only surviving 19th-century covered bridge in the town of Stowe.</p><br>
<p>Rose Hill Cemetery is in Macon, Georgia, USA The cemetery opened in 1840. The cemetery is part of a self-guided walking tour of Macon and is the site of the bi-annual Rose Hill Ramble sponsored by the Middle Georgia Historical Society. It was designed by Simri Rose for the express purpose of being a place to visit and as a gathering place for the people of Macon and for visitors to the city. Rose was instrumental in the planning of The City of Macon and planned Rose Hill Cemetery, in return for being able to choose his own burial plot. The cemetery was a hangout and artistic inspiration for the Allman Brothers Band during their early years. The Allman Brothers&#39; slide guitarist Duane Allman, keyboardist and vocalist Gregg Allman and bassist Berry Oakley are interred here, side by side.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Duane Allman</p><br>
<p>Gregg Allman</p><br>
<p>Berry Oakley</p><br>
<p>Elizabeth Reed Napier</p><br>
<p>Clifford Anderson</p><br>
<p>Augustus Octavius Bacon</p><br>
<p>Charles Lafayette Bartlett</p><br>
<p>James Henderson Blount</p><br>
<p>Peter Bracken, engineer of the Texas locomotive</p><br>
<p>Alfred Holt Colquitt</p><br>
<p>Harry Stillwell Edwards</p><br>
<p>Samuel Francis Gove</p><br>
<p>Nathaniel Edwin Harris</p><br>
<p>James Jackson - United States Representative from Georgia, a judge advocate in the American Civil War, and a chief justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia.</p><br>
<p>Henry Graybill Lamar</p><br>
<p>John Basil Lamar</p><br>
<p>Buck Melton - former Mayor of Macon, Georgia (1975-1979)</p><br>
<p>Eugenius Aristides Nisbet</p><br>
<p>J. Neel Reid</p><br>
<p>George Washington Bonaparte Towns</p><br>
<p>Blanton Winship - Major general of the United States Army, Judge Advocate General (1931-1933)</p><br>
<p>--&gt</p><br>
<p>The forest of Fontainebleau  is a mixed deciduous forest lying sixty kilometres southeast of Paris, France. It is located primarily in the arrondissement of Fontainebleau in the southwestern part of the department of Seine-et-Marne. Most of it also lies in the canton of Fontainebleau, although parts of it extend into adjoining cantons, and even as far west as the town of Milly-la-Forêt in the neighboring department, Essonne. Several communes lie within the forest, notably the towns of Fontainebleau and Avon. The forest has an area of 280 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna and flora</h2><br>
<p>The most common trees in the forest are: oak (44%), Scots pine (40%), and European beech (10%). Three thousand species of mushrooms have been discovered. The forest is also home to approximately seven thousand animal species, five thousand of which are insects.</p><br>
<h3>Flowers</h3><br>
<p>Tor-grass (Brachypodium pinnatum)</p><br>
<p>Service tree of Fontainebleau (Sorbus latifolia), which is under national protection</p><br>
<p>Snowy mespilus (Amelanchier ovalis), under national protection</p><br>
<p>Common juniper (Juniperus communis)</p><br>
<p>Orchids</p><br>
<p>Violet limodore (Limodorum abortivum)</p><br>
<p>Red helleborine (Cephalanthera rubra), under national protection</p><br>
<p>Meadow rue (Thalictrum minus), under national protection</p><br>
<p>Peach-leaved bellflower (Campanula persicifolia)</p><br>
<p>Wild madder (Rubia peregrina)</p><br>
<p>Burnet rose (Rosa pimpinellifolia)</p><br>
<p>Cranesbill (Geranium sanguineum)</p><br>
<p>Vincetoxicum (Vincetoxicum hirundinaria)</p><br>
<p>Red feather clover (Trifolium rubens), under national protection</p><br>
<h3>Birds</h3><br>
<p>Great spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos major)</p><br>
<p>Lesser spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos minor)</p><br>
<p>Great tit (Parus major)</p><br>
<p>Blue tit (Parus caeruleus)</p><br>
<p>Chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita)</p><br>
<p>Willow warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus)</p><br>
<p>Bonelli&#39;s warbler (Phylloscopus bonelli)</p><br>
<p>Blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla)</p><br>
<h2>Rock shapes</h2><br>
<p>The place is also known for peculiar rock shapes which resemble elephant, tortoise, crocodile which are believed to be natural formation.</p><br>
<h2>Fictional & media depictions</h2><br>
<p>The painters of the Barbizon School found the forest a convenient location for their unadorned, realist depictions of nature.</p><br>
<p>The forest is the main scene of action of the trilogy, Les Fourmis by Bernard Werber.</p><br>
<p>In the novel, The Scarlet Pimpernel by Baroness Orczy, Sir Percy and Margeurite St Just wander in this forest during the happy period of their courtship</p><br>
<p>Act I (the prologue in the Italian version) of Verdi&#39;s opera, Don Carlos, is set in the forest of Fontainebleau.</p><br>
<p>A scene in the 1852 play The Corsican Brothers, where a duel takes place, is set in the forest of Fontainebleau.</p><br>
<p>Chapter 6 of the ground-breaking film serial Les Vampires takes place in Fontainebleau Forest.</p><br>
<p>The map "Castle Rock" in the game Alliance of Valiant Arms takes place in the Fontainebleau Forest.</p><br>
<p>The Santalune Forest location in Pokémon X and Y is based loosely on Fontainebleau Forest.</p><br>
<p>DC&#39;s Legends of Tomorrow (Season 2, episode 2) battle an enhanced Baron Krieger and several Nazis after the Waverider lands in the Fontainebleau Forest</p><br>
<p>Louis Malle&#39;s famous autobiographical film, Au Revoir Les Enfants, is filmed and set in and around Fontainebleau.</p><br>
<p>Lou Mitchells, also known as Lou Mitchells Restaurant, is a Chicago diner located at 565 W. Jackson Boulevard. It is a popular restaurant for commuters, as it is located near Union Station. It is also located near the start of USA Route 66 and was frequented by many people on the start of their journey along the road, earning it the nickname "the first stop on the Mother Road." In May 2002, the Nationwide Route 66 restoration program was launched at Lou Mitchell&#39;s. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Founded in 1923, Lou Mitchell&#39;s is known for handing out fresh donut holes to people waiting in line, boxes of Milk Duds to children, an orange slice and prune for breakfast, and a small cup of ice cream with each meal. Their egg dishes are made using double yolk eggs, which they claim makes the eggs larger and fluffier.</p><br>
<p>Lou Mitchell&#39;s has been owned by Heleen Thanasouras. She appeared as the guest judge for the Quickfire Challenge of Episode 11 of Top Chef (season 4), which involved working at "the hull", or egg station, at the restaurant for twenty minutes.</p><br>
<p>In November 2015, Heleen died at age 63.</p><br>
<p>The Nevado del Quindío is an inactive volcano located in the Central Cordillera of the Andes in central Colombia. The summit marks the tripoint of the departments of Risaralda, Quindío and Tolima, and is also the highest point of the departments of Risaralda and Quindío. The mountain is one of the highest peaks in the Los Nevados National Natural Park, which is a wildlife sanctuary. There are no historical records of any eruption. The andesitic volcano is located on top of the Palestina Fault.</p><br>
<p>The snow fields and glaciers in the mountain are decreasing in a progressive way, about ten percent annually since the first scientific measures in the late 1980s, presumably because of global warming.</p><br>
<p>The mountain offers beautiful landscapes, attracting touristic visits all the year. The lower part is a cloud forest habitat, rich in endemic species.</p><br>
<p>Botanist and naturalist Alexander von Humboldt visited the area in 1801, describing new species such as the frailejón.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The postal service of Colombia, AdPostal, released a postal stamp featuring the Nevado del Quindío and Von Humboldt, to celebrate the anniversary of his visit. It is a stratovolcano or composite volcano, evidenced by geological studies.</p><br>
<p>A watercolor painting of the volcano by Manuel María Paz (1820–1902) is held by the National Library of Colombia.</p><br>
<h2>Panorama</h2><br>
<p>Tavewa is an island of the Yasawa Islands, measuring approximately 3 kilometres long by 1 km wide. It is part of the Nacula District that lies north-west of the Fijian island of Viti Levu.</p><br>
<h2>Island supplies and logistics</h2><br>
<p>Tavewa does not have a pier; all supplies have to be loaded onto small landing boats from supply ships stopping between the islands. Depending on the arrival times of the supply boats and the tides, all goods have to be unloaded from the landing boats inplaces in the water in front of the beach. The residents unload and carry all goods from knee- to breast-deep water onto the beach. From there, the goods are either transferred into wheelbarrows or carried to their destination.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, there were no motorised vehicles on Tavewa, not even a tractor. Tavewa has no roads, only paths.</p><br>
<p>Diesel for the generators is transported this way in jerry-cans, which explains why the generators are only used as required.</p><br>
<p>The regular supplies, with the tourists, arrive with the http://www.awesomefiji.com/nee_yasawaflyer.aspx Yasawa Flyer, which operates a daily water-bus service between Nadi and Tavewa. Other supply boats exists that operate either on an infrequent-but-regular or ad-hoc basis.</p><br>
<p>There are three shared phone lines between Tavewa and the mainland. Marine radio is a common communication platform.</p><br>
<h3>Drinking water</h3><br>
<p>As has the rest of Fiji, Tavewa has been experiencing a drought since the middle of the 1990s. Drinking water is a precious resource. Drinking water for tourists is brought in plastic bottles on the supply boats. The large number of non-degradable plastic bottles that are land-filled on the relatively small island are expected to cause environmental problems in the future.</p><br>
<h3>Use of salt water</h3><br>
<p>All resorts operate only salt-water showers. While the generators are running, salt-water is pumped into black water tanks on top of the showers. The sun heats the water in the tanks. Salt-water is also used for laundry and certain other purposes not requiring potable water.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Tavewa caters nearly exclusively for the back-packing community. The island is not very highly developed, affording visitors a realistic insight into the Fijian and Pacific Islands lifestyle.</p><br>
<p>Tavewa is not connected to any centralised power grid. The resorts on the island operate their own power supplies consisting of diesel-powered generators. These generators are only used on demand, usually starting at sunset. At around 10:00 pm the generators are shut down, and campfires and lanterns produce light.</p><br>
<p>The few cooling facilities rely on ice-blocks, which are regenerated while the generators are on.</p><br>
<h3>Resorts</h3><br>
<p>There are three resorts on Tavewa:</p><br>
<p>All resorts are build in the traditional Fijian bure style. Amenities, such as restaurants and dining halls, are shared and central, making the resorts resemble campuses. Tourist accommodation is either in dormitories or smaller couple- or family-sized bures.</p><br>
<p>There is a scuba-diving school on Tavewa.</p><br>
<h2>Local population</h2><br>
<p>The island&#39;s people support themselves mainly by tourism. In addition to Tavewa residents, the population includes many resort staff who commute from nearby islands in the Yasawa group or from Nadi. The locals live in bures like those at the resorts. Cooking is usually communal, on fireplaces dotted around the bures.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>Tavewa can be regularly reached either by the http://www.awesomefiji.com/nee_yasawaflyer.aspx Yasawa Flyer ferry or the http://www.turtleairways.com/ Turtle Airways seaplane.</p><br>
<p>The vast majority of tourists and supplies arrive on the http://www.awesomefiji.com/nee_yasawaflyer.aspx Yasawa Flyer. It takes the Flyer about four hours to travel between Nadi and Tavewa, with several stops at the island resorts in-between.</p><br>
<p>Lake Arpi  is located in the Shirak Province of Armenia, on the Ashotsk plateau in the northwestern part of the country. The lake sits at an altitude of 2,025 m with an area of 220km. It originates from a volcano tectonic earthquake.</p><br>
<p>In 1951, a dam was built to create the Lake Arpi reservoir and artificially increased the natural state of 4.5km, 1.6m deep, and volume of 5 million cubic meters. The reservoir&#39;s dam is 10m high, and 80m long. The reservoir-lake spans 7.3km long and 4.3km wide, with an area of 20km, 8m deep, and a volume of 30 million cubic meters.</p><br>
<p>Lake Arpi has become the second most important body of water in Armenia, next to Lake Sevan. It is used for irrigation and hydropower production. The lake is fed by meltwater and four streams, and it is the source of the Akhurian River.</p><br>
<p>The lake has rich flora and fauna. It is a Ramsar Convention protected site, and a national park was established around the lake in 2009. During the winter, it is completely covered by ice. In its waters, cyprinus and varicorhinus. More than 100 species of birds have been observed around Lake Arpi, that is why the area was recognized as Important Bird Area.</p><br>
<p>Temagami Island, formerly spelt as Timagami Island, is an island in Lake Temagami in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It is the largest island within the lake, with Bear Island coming second. The island has many hiking trails that lead into the old-growth forest that is a mix of large white and red pine trees. Temagami Mine, later known as Copperfields Mine, was a copper mine that opened on Temagami Island in 1954. It was considered to be the largest deposit of nearly pure chalcopyrite ever discovered in Canada. The mine closed in 1972.</p><br>
<p>Temagami Island lies within n&#39;Daki Menan, the homeland of the Teme-Augama Anishnabai, which covers almost 4,000 square miles.</p><br>
<p>Temagami Island is also home to Camp Wabikon, a residential summer youth camp.</p><br>
<p>A bright white palladium mercury telluride mineral was discovered on Temagami Island in 1973 called temagamite, named after its discovery locality in Copperfields Mine, originally known as Temagami Mine.</p><br>
<p>Anavryti or Anavriti  is a small village in Laconia, Greece on Taygetus mountain, altitude 850m. Above the Evrotas valley, Anavryti is traversed by European walking route E4. It is part of the municipal unit of Mystras.</p><br>
<p>A paved road to Anavryti was built in the 1980s with donations sent by the Anavryti Hometown society in Astoria, Queens, New York. Until that time, the village could only be accessed on foot or by donkey.</p><br>
<p>During World War II Nazi occupation, forces made the steep climb up to the village to destroy the houses of suspected partisans.</p><br>
<p>Over the years the village has been established as an eco-tourism destination. The many walking paths combined with its landscape makes the area popular with photographer. The village has a simple hotel and restaurants.</p><br>
<p>In Anavryti&#39;s Geological Museum, a variety of elements and pictures related to the fauna and flora of the village and its surroundings are exhibited. There is also an exhibit about Mount Taygetus.</p><br>
<p>There is a tradition that when the Jewish community of Mystras was expelled by the Venetians, they sought refuge in Anavryti and were the ancestors of some of today&#39;s inhabitants.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people from Anavryti</h2><br>
<p>Peter Karter</p><br>
<p>The Estufa is a historic structure on the University of New Mexico campus in Albuquerque, New Mexico. It was built in 1907–08 by a local social fraternity and has served since 1915 as the primary meeting location of the universitys Pi Kappa Alpha chapter. The buildings history is steeped in fraternity lore and supposedly no woman has ever seen its interior. It is listed in both the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties and the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Estufa is modeled after a kiva, a ceremonial meeting place used by the Pueblo people. It has thick adobe walls and contains a single windowless room with seating around the edges. Construction of the building was guided by university president William G. Tight, who promoted the use of Pueblo Revival architecture on campus. The Estufa was one of the first buildings in New Mexico to employ this style.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>An estufa is an assembly room in a dwelling of the Pueblo Indians (i.e. a kiva), per Webster&#39;s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Estufa was built in 1907–08 by the local social fraternity Alpha Alpha Alpha, previously known as the Yum Yum Society. The project received support from university president William G. Tight, who was interested in strengthening the Greek system on campus. At the same time, Tight had been working to promote Pueblo Revival architecture at the university and had already overseen construction of two new dormitories and a boiler plant in the Pueblo style. Under this influence, the Tri-Alphas built their meeting room in the form of a kiva or "estufa," a traditional feature of Pueblo architecture.</p><br>
<p>Ground was broken on the project in January 1907, though the work evidently proceeded slowly and it was not finished until April 1908. The U.N.M. Weekly student newspaper reported that month that</p><br>
<p>The Tri-Alphas held their first meeting in the Estufa on February 20, 1908, while the building was still unfinished. In 1915, Alpha Alpha Alpha became the Beta Delta chapter of Pi Kappa Alpha, the universitys first national fraternity, and the Estufa has continued to serve as the chapters primary meeting location for nearly 100 years. During its long history as a fraternity council room, the Estufa has been involved in numerous pranks</p><br>
<p>The Estufa has survived both accidental and intentional vehicular collisions as well as "attempts to destroy it with fire, dynamite, water and other weapons" according to an Albuquerque Journal article from 1952. In 1947 alone, the building was set on fire four times. It was also damaged by an accidental gas explosion in 1958 that left five people injured. In the 1960s, the building seemed doomed by a University Boulevard widening project, but city planners ultimately chose a road alignment further to the west that kept the Estufa out of harm&#39;s way. It was added to the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties and the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Estufa is an elliptical, one-story building loosely modeled after a kiva at Santo Domingo Pueblo. As such, it was one of the earliest expressions of the Pueblo Revival style in New Mexico, and is the oldest surviving example at UNM. The walls are adobe and are approximately 14 in thick. The building was originally accessed via an external staircase and roof trapdoor, but this arrangement has since been replaced by a more conventional door. The interior of the Estufa contains a single windowless room, approximately 500 ft&sup2; in area, which has been described as a pit with seating around the edge.</p><br>
<p>Despite the prevalence of Pueblo style architecture at UNM, the Estufa is one of only two buildings on campus actually made out of adobe. The other is the Naval Science Building designed by John Gaw Meem.</p><br>
<p>Soledad Miria  is a small Caribbean island of Panama with 1,014 inhabitants. The island is only 700 metres long but is densely populated. At approximately 9:30 pm on December 26, 2006, a fire started by the explosion of a gas cooker destroyed 39 buildings within 10 minutes, approximately half of those on the island. 348 people were injured, but none died. The island was left with no potable water. Many of the inhabitants of the small island took to the sea in fishing boats to avoid the flames.</p><br>
<p>Soledad Miria is the home of the Kuna Indians, where most of the island speaks Tule. About 10% speak Spanish fluently. The island is very poor, with huts, no floors, two village light bulbs, and no bathroom plumbing. however, the island is not so poor that the people are starving. Most of the Kuna Indians worship small handmade wooden idols. The island has one school, with about 6 classrooms. The school is the only place on the island that has cement floors and walls. Older women in Solded Mira wear the traditional Kuna Indian clothing, while everyone else wears typical, modern clothing. The average family on the island has a few buckets, a hut, maybe two hammocks, a few machetes, and a pig.</p><br>
<p>The Hoarstones  form a stone circle in the civil parish of Chirbury with Brompton in the English county of Shropshire. The circle comprises 38 stones, all less than a metre high.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The stone circle comprises 37 stones and one central stone, all composed of dolerite. The circle has a diameter of 22 metres. The site lies upon a southeast slope of marshy ground, not far from the north end of a former glacial lake, of which the Marsh Pool is a remnant. There are two small mounds in the north-west of the circle that may be the remnants of barrows.</p><br>
<p>The circle is also known as Black Marsh, Hemford and Marsh Pool Circle. There are holes drilled in some of the stones, but these date from a much later period, when local miners would use the stones during wedding celebrations by filling the holes with gunpowder and setting it off.</p><br>
<p>The Hoarstones may have a connection to the similar circle nearby at Mitchell&#39;s Fold, and a third circle formerly to the south known as the Whetstones.</p><br>
<p>The Malcolm X House Site located at 3448 Pinkney Street in North Omaha, Nebraska, marks the place where Malcolm X first lived with his family. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 and is also on the Nebraska list of heritage sites.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Malcolm Little was born at University of Nebraska at Omaha Hospital on May 19, 1925 to Earl and Louise Little. Earl Little was a Christian minister and active in the local community. In his autobiography, Malcolm X stated that his family left Omaha for Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1926 because of threats from the Ku Klux Klan.</p><br>
<p>The house was torn down in 1965, before the owners, the Moore family, knew about the connection with Malcolm X. Malcolm X&#39;s significance in American history and culture was honored when the site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 1, 1984. This recognition is marked at the site. A State Historical Marker was added in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Civic and union activist Rowena Moore, whose father had lived in the house and owned the property, led efforts to have the house site recognized as an historic site to acknowledge Malcolm Xs importance. She said her family was unaware of the connection until her sister discovered it by reading Malcolm Xs autobiography in 1970. She also hoped to build a museum there in his honor. Moore purchased more property around the site.</p><br>
<p>Today the 10 acre of land are owned by the Malcolm X Foundation. They have plans to purchase more property to create a park, and to connect it to the municipal Adams Park to the south. In 2008 the foundation established six plots on the site for a community garden.</p><br>
<p>River Carron  is a west coast river in Wester Ross, in the Highlands of Scotland. The river rises in Ledgowan Forest. It gathers its head-streams through Carron Bog, then enters Loch Scaven and flows out from there, passing Loch Dùghaill and eventually reaching Loch Carron.</p><br>
<p>From Achnashellach the river meanders 19 km southwest through the broad strath of Glen Carron and expands at one part into Loch Doule (or Doughaill). About 4 km further southwest, it enters the Inner Sound at the head of Loch Carron near Strathcarron.</p><br>
<p>The A890 and a branch of the Highland railway, which extends to Kyle of Lochalsh, runs along part of the river&#39;s southeast shore.</p><br>
<p>Stocking of juvenile Atlantic salmon into the River Carron has brought this fish back from the brink of local extinction. Having made a dramatic recovery, the salmon has contributed to an improvement in the biodiversity of the whole area with kingfishers now established locally, as well as increased numbers of ospreys visiting.</p><br>
<p>The Ayles Ice Shelf was one of six major ice shelves in Canada, all on the north coast of Ellesmere Island, Nunavut. The ice shelf broke off from the coast on August 13, 2005, forming a giant ice island 37 m thick and measuring around 14 km by 5 km in size . The oldest ice in the ice shelf is believed to be over 3,000 years old. The ice shelf was at , approximately 800 km south of the North Pole.</p><br>
<p>The Ayles Ice Shelf, like the nearby Mount Ayles, was named for the Arctic explorer Adam Ayles, who served under George Nares as the Petty Officer of HMS Alert in the British Arctic Expedition. A 1986 survey of Canadian ice shelves found that 48 square km (3.3 cubic km) of ice calved from the Milne and Ayles ice shelves between 1959 and 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Ayles Ice Island</h2><br>
<p>On August 13, 2005, the entire shelf broke clear from the coast of Ellesmere, forming a new ice island. It is believed to be the largest shelf breakup of its kind in Canada in over 30 years. The event was registered on seismometers in northern Canada, and it was also verified via satellite imagery.</p><br>
<p>The breakup was noticed by the Canadian Ice Service at the time that it occurred, but it took a further 16 months to fully reconstruct the breakup sequence from past satellite images captured by MODIS, to determine the climatic conditions during the event, and for the event to garner public attention. The event, which some have linked to global warming, is similar to the 2002 breakup of the Larsen B Ice Shelf in Antarctica.</p><br>
<p>The speed of the breakup is also remarkable; it took less than an hour. Canada has lost approximately 90% of its ice shelves in the last hundred years.</p><br>
<p>Within days of the breakup, the former shelf had drifted over 50 km from Ellesmere Island before freezing into the sea ice for the winter. It was estimated in May, 2007 to be between 138 ft and 148 ft thick, on average.</p><br>
<p>The freed segment of the ice shelf, known as Ayles Ice Island, drifted southwesterly for two years, and in January 2007 accelerated into the open Arctic Ocean, causing concern for oil rig operators in the Beaufort Sea north of Prudhoe Bay. In August 2007, however, the island became wedged into the Sverdrup Inlet of the Queen Elizabeth Islands. Although scientists initially thought it was likely to remain there for some time, possibly permanently, it soon afterwards broke into two parts and resumed movement.</p><br>
<p>There is concern that the ice islands may become a hazard for ships and oil platforms.</p><br>
<p>While the formation of the Ayles Ice Island received widespread attention at the time due to the availability of satellite imagery and the ability of news media and scientists to visit the island, it was by no means unprecedented. On August 14, 1946, a U.S. Air Force patrol plane flying 300 mi north of Port Barrow, Alaska spotted an ice island, dubbed T-1, which was 15 mi wide and 18 mi across. It was estimated to be from 240 to 1,600 ft thick, with sides that rose from 30 to 200 ft above the sea surface - much larger than the Ayles Ice Island. Over the following three years, it travelled around 1,500 mi along the Beaufort Eddy, a slow-moving ocean current that flows eastward across the North Pole, then back west along the coast. In 1950, the U.S. Air Force 58th Reconnaissance Squadron was ordered to find T-1, and any other ice islands in the Arctic. In July, 1950, T-2 was found, a roughly rectangular ice island estimated to be 20 mi by 20 mi by dimension. In 1947, a joint U.S.-Canadian expedition had noted and photographed a fresh water sea formation in the sea off Ellesmere Island. From a photographic examination of its ridges, T-2 was discovered to be the same ice island spotted off Ellesmere Island in 1947. Later in July 1950, the U.S. Air Force found T-3, a kidney-shaped island, nine by four and a half miles. This was later occupied for brief periods in the early and mid-1950s. In August 1951, T-1 was relocated, nestled along the coast of Ellesmere Island. It is not known how long prior T-1, T-2, and T-3 had been formed, but it is believed they had calved from ice shelves on northern Ellesmere Island. There are an estimated 80 ice islands in Canada&#39;s High Arctic, most of them part of the pack ice that covers the region.</p><br>
<p>Between August 1961 and April 1962, almost 600 square kilometres of ice broke away from the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf. This event was attributed to tidal and seismic events.</p><br>
<p>Clarence F. Walker Lake is a 239-acre  reservoir, formed by a dam and used for flood control and recreation. It is located in Adams Township, Snyder County, Pennsylvania near the town of Troxelville. The lake and shoreline are owned and managed by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission  for recreational fishing and boating.</p><br>
<p>Fish species present include northern pike, largemouth bass, walleye, black crappie, and bluegill.</p><br>
<p>Walker Lake is located on the North Branch Middle Creek, which is a tributary to Middle Creek within the Susquehanna River basin.</p><br>
<p>North Branch Middle Creek was impounded in 1970 creating the 239 acre (0.97 km²) lake, which drains a 19 mi² (49 km²) watershed consisting primarily of forested (57%) and agricultural (39%) areas.</p><br>
<p>Walker Lake has a maximum depth of 32 ft with a mean depth of 13.8 feet (4.2 m) with an overall volume of 3,317 acre.ft of water.</p><br>
<p>Henry House Hill is a location near Bull Run in Virginia. Named for the house of the Henry family that sits atop it, the hill begins near the road of Centreville, Virginia, after Gainesville, Virginia, to the today&#39;s USA Route 29, the Warrenton Turnpike. It is a slow, constant rise toward the south over a length of approximately 730 meters. This hill was an important site of the battles of First and Second Bull Run  in the American Civil War. The battle raged on the north side of the hill in predominantly open grass country; the south side was relatively closely covered with trees. The hill received its name from Dr. Isaac Henry, who lived with his family in a house on the plateau of the hill. On July 21, 1861, the house was inhabited by his widow, Judith Carter Henry, and their two sons. The 85-year-old woman was bed-ridden and unable to leave the house. Mrs. Henry was mortally wounded when a projectile of the Union artillery crashed through the bedroom wall and tore off one of her feet and inflicted multiple injuries, from which she died later that day.</p><br>
<p>During the First Battle of Bull Run, Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson and his Confederate soldiers had taken up positions on Henry House Hill. During the battle General Jackson was pushed off of the hill many times by the 14th Brooklyn. The General gave the 14th its famous nickname, "Red Legged Devils" because of their relentless charges up the hill. Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell, commander of the Federal forces, had been ordered by Abraham Lincoln to engage a large Rebel force that was led by Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard in an effort to end the Civil War with one decisive battle. Union soldiers had been ordered up the hill. Under huge amounts of enemy fire the Southerners held back the Federal soldiers with heavy losses. Brig. Gen. Barnard Bee shouted to his men, "There is Jackson standing like a stone wall. Let us determine to die here, and we will conquer. Follow me." That gave Thomas Jackson the famous nickname Stonewall. In the retreat from the hill, a Union wagon tipped over on Cub Run Bridge, blocking the Federal retreat, causing many of the undisciplined volunteers to drop their rifles and run.</p><br>
<p>Henry House Hill is preserved as part of the Manassas National Battlefield Park.</p><br>
<p>Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art  is an art museum located on the campus of the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. The original building was designed by Ellis F. Lawrence as part of his "main university quadrangle," now known as the Memorial Quadrangle. Its first Director, Asian art collector, and female museum specialist Gertrude Bass Warner also influenced the buildings design, particularly its innovative climate control measures. The museum is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>The University of Oregon Museum of Art opened its doors to the public in 1933. Designed by Ellis F. Lawrence, UO dean of Architecture & Allied Arts at the time, the museum was built to house the Murray Warner Collection of Oriental Art—more than 3,700 works of art given to the university by Gertrude Bass Warner. Warner had pushed for arts education based on material culture since moving to Eugene in 1920s, and the collections first home had been Gerlinger Hall, the Woman’s Memorial Hall attributed to first female regent and art enthusiast Irene Hazard Gerlinger, where it resided until 1933. As the Museums first director and "curator for life," Warner sought to bridge cultural divides through art and culture education, as seen in the inaugural set of conditions for the Murray Warner Collection of Oriental Art: "It is my wish, hope and prayer that the officers in charge of this collection, the President of the University, and the professors of the University keep in mind the object of this gift, and keep presenting to the students and the public the ideas of fellowship, friendship and love toward our neighbors the Pacific that peace may always be maintained in order that this collection may be a blessing and that love may reign at home and abroad. (Oregana, 1934, pp. 165-167)"</p><br>
<p>The only academic museum in Oregon accredited by the American Alliance of Museums, the JSMA hosts exhibitions and houses collections of historic and contemporary art. It manages research and educational programs and publishes resources in support the universitys academic mission, including outreach initiatives to serve the diverse interests of off-campus communities. The JSMAs standing galleries present from its holdings of Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and American art. Special exhibition galleries display curated artwork both from these permanent collections and outside collections, representing cultures across the globe, past and present. It aims to provide an atmosphere of discovery &ndash; the JSMA mission statement includes this guiding principle: "We recognize our visitors&#39; different learning styles and the needs of a multigenerational and diverse audience".</p><br>
<p>A major museum expansion took place from 2002 to 2005, at which time the museum was given its current name in honor of Schnitzer, the major donor for the expansion work.</p><br>
<p>According to the University Development office, a new visitor pavilion will be created in the near future if funding is available.</p><br>
<h2>Mission</h2><br>
<p>The Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art enhances the University of Oregon&#39;s academic mission and furthers the appreciation and enjoyment of the visual arts for the general public.</p><br>
<h2>Inscriptions</h2><br>
<p>The buildings contains three prominent quotations on its main, west-facing facade. Above the door, there is a quotation from Proverbs, near the south end of the facade there is a passage from Plato, and on the north part a quotation from Lao Tzu.</p><br>
<p>In addition, the cornerstone contains a passage from Psalms.</p><br>
<p>Needle Peak is located in Presidio County, in southwest Texas. Its summit, at an elevation of 4,608 ft above sea level, rises 328 ft over the Lower Shutup, a canyon that runs along its eastern edge. Needle Peak is a Tertiary intrusion and stands within the Solitario, a circular domal uplift with a nine-mile diameter and a prominent limestone rim. The area is desert mountain terrain of basalt deposits. The vegetation consists primarily of sparse grasses, cacti, desert shrubs, and scrub brush. Needle Peak was named for its configuration.</p><br>
<p>Locally, the name Needle Peak is also used to refer to another nearby location, Needle Peak (Brewster County, Texas), the small Sierra Aguja range, which is about 17 miles southeast of Needle Peak in Presidio County. The slopes of this range are noted as a source of quartz crystals, including green moss agate, botryoidal geodes, Needle Peak sagenite, and pompon agates.</p><br>
<p>Bramble Bay is an embayment of Moreton Bay in South East Queensland, Australia. The Brisway map reference is 12 H5, or see page 91 G19 in Refidex.</p><br>
<p>The Houghton Highway, Hornibrook Bridge and Ted Smout Memorial Bridge span Bramble Bay, connecting Redcliffe with Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane to Gladstone yacht race begins in Bramble Bay. Activities for the annual race are centred on the Shorncliffe pier and nearby foreshore.</p><br>
<p>Bramble Bay is the most environmentally degraded part of Moreton Bay. Because the bay is so close to the urban populations of Brisbane and Redcliffe the collection of shelled marine animals such as oysters, scallops and limpets is banned. Fishing within bays closed waters, risks on the spot fines at all times under Queenslands closed water fishing regulations.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>North of Bramble Bay the shoreline forms the southern peninsula shape of the Redcliffe City suburbs of Clontarf and Woody Point. The southern shoreline follows Brisbane City suburbs of Brighton, Sandgate and the northern Shorncliffe shoreline. The former suburb of Cribb Island was also found on the southern shoreline of the bay until it was disbanded for the construction of the Brisbane Airport.</p><br>
<p>Bramble Bay flows into Hays Inlet to the north-west, and Pine River flows into Bramble Bay to the south-west. Some definitions place the mouth of the Brisbane River and the Boondall Wetlands in Bramble Bay. This would also place the mouths of a number of smaller creeks south of Shorncliffe, including Cabbage Tree Creek (formerly Tighgum Creek), Nundah Creek and Kedron Brook, within the Bramble Bay catchment.</p><br>
<h2>Water quality</h2><br>
<p>Both rivers flowing into Bramble Bay carry high loads of nutrients and suspended sediments. Water in the bay is very turbid. At times two sewerage plumes from the rivers are visible in Bramble Bay. The residence time for Bramble Bay, that is, the period of time that a parcel of water remains at a particular location, is 59 to 62 days, the longest for any part of Moreton Bay.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, the annual Healthy Waterways Partnership Report Card rated Bramble Bay an F from a previous C. The rating deteriorated because of an increase in phytoplankton and nitrogen concentrations, as well as decreases in water clarity and salinity.</p><br>
<p>During the past the bay contained large areas of seagrass which attracted feeding dugongs, however there are no seagrass beds in the bay today.</p><br>
<p>The Amadeus Basin is a large  intracratonic sedimentary basin in central Australia, lying mostly within the southern Northern Territory, but extending into the state of Western Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Origins</h2><br>
<p>The Amadeus Basin is named after Lake Amadeus which lies within the basin. Local deposition of up to 14 km of marine and non-marine sedimentary rocks took place from the Neoproterozoic to the late Paleozoic.</p><br>
<p>Along with other nearby sedimentary basins of similar age (Officer Basin, Georgina Basin, Ngalia Basin), the Amadeus Basin is believed to have once been part of the hypothetical Centralian Superbasin.</p><br>
<p>The basin was locally deformed during the Petermann Orogeny (late Neoproterozoic — Cambrian), and more extensively during the Paleozoic Alice Springs Orogeny, events that fragmented the former Centralian Superbasin.</p><br>
<p>The basin has been above water for the past 50 million years, as the modern coast of South Australia and Western Australia formed during this time.</p><br>
<h2>Resources</h2><br>
<p>The Amadeus Basin contains the producing Mereenie Oilfield near Kings Canyon and Palm Valley Gasfield near Hermannsburg, which supply most of the energy resources to the Northern Territory.</p><br>
<p>Most of the gas flows along a pipeline to Darwin, while the oil is pumped to Alice Springs and then transported to Adelaide for refining.</p><br>
<p>Ganj Dareh  is appended to the name) is a Neolithic settlement in the Iranian Kurdistan. It is located to the east of Kermanshah, in the central Zagros Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Research history</h2><br>
<p>First discovered in 1965, it was excavated by Canadian archaeologist, Philip Smith during the 1960s and 1970s, for four field seasons.</p><br>
<p>The oldest settlement remains on the site date back to ca. 10,000 years ago, and have yielded the earliest evidence for goat domestication in the world. The only evidence for domesticated crops found at the site so far is the presence of two-row barley.</p><br>
<p>The remains have been classified into five occupation levels, from A, at the top, to E.</p><br>
<h2>Ceramics</h2><br>
<p>Ganj Dareh is important in the study of Neolithic ceramics in Luristan and Kurdistan. This is a period beginning in the late 8th millennium, and continuing to the middle of the 6th millennium BC. Also, the evidence from two other excavated sites nearby is important, from Tepe Guran, and Tepe Sarab (shown on the map in this article). They are all located southwest of Harsin, on the Mahidasht plain, and in the Hulailan valley.</p><br>
<p>At Ganj Dareh, two early ceramic traditions are evident. One is based on the use of clay for figurines and small geometric pieces like cones and disks. These are dated ca. 7300-6900 BC.</p><br>
<p>The other ceramic tradition originated in the use of clay for mud-walled buildings (ca. 7300 BC). These traditions are also shared by Tepe Guran, and Tepe Sarab. Tepe Asiab is also located near Tepe Sarab, and may be the earliest of all these sites. Both sites appear to have been seasonally occupied. Ali Kosh is also a related site of the Neolithic period.</p><br>
<h2>Genetics</h2><br>
<p>Researchers sequenced the genome from the petrous bone of a 30-50 woman from Ganj Dareh, GD13a. mtDNA analysis shows that she belonged to Haplogroup X. She phenotypically similar to the Anatolian early farmers and Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers. Her DNA revealed that she had black hair, brown eyes and was lactose intolerant. The derived SLC45A2 variant associated with light</p><br>
<p>skin was not observed in GD13a, but the derived SLC24A5 variant which is also associated with the same trait was observed.</p><br>
<p>GD13a is genetically closest to the ancient Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers identified from human remains from Georgia (Satsurblia Cave and Kotias Klde), while also sharing genetic affinities with the people of the Yamna culture and the Afanasevo culture. She belonged to a population that was genetically distinct from the Neolithic Anatolian farmers. In terms of modern populations, she shows some genetic affinity with the Baloch people, Makrani caste and Brahui people. Her population did not contribute very much genetically to modern Europeans.</p><br>
<p>Virginia Water Lake lies on the southern edge of Windsor Great Park, in the borough of Runnymede in Surrey and the civil parishes of Old Windsor and Sunningdale and Ascot in Berkshire, in England. It is a man-made lake taking its name from a natural body of water of the same name. There is a village of Virginia Water which stretches out to the east of the lake. The grounds of the lake, nearby Fort Belvedere, and the Clockcase are all Grade I listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Virginia Water Lake was originally little more than a stream, which existed from at least the 17th century and may well be named after Elizabeth I, the Virgin Queen, although this is not certain. The lake itself was begun in 1746 by William, Duke of Cumberland who was then Ranger of the Park. Few details are recorded of the building of the lake, however it has been suggested that prisoners-of-war from the recent Jacobite risings, who were encamped at the nearby Breakheart Hill, were involved. The original lake was much smaller than the current form, and was destroyed in a flood in 1768. In 1780 Paul and Thomas Sandby began construction of a much larger lake at the site, and went on to add an artificial waterfall, Meadow Pond and Obelisk Pond.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the lake was drained, as its obvious shape provided enemy guidance at night to Windsor and other important military targets in the area.</p><br>
<p>The circuit around the lake is about 4.5 mi, about half is paved and the other half is a "natural" path both providing easy walking conditions even with a pram or pushchair.</p><br>
<p>Recently the lake has been used by the crews for the Harry Potter films for lakeside scenes. The Scottish alternative was deemed unsuitable due to the number of midges. The Lake was also used for scenes in the 2014 film Into The Woods.</p><br>
<p>The River Bourne provides the water for the lake and it exits the lake at the eastern end after the cascading waterfall.</p><br>
<p>The Wickenburg, Arizona station serves as the headquarters of the Wickenburg Chamber of Commerce, and is among the oldest of the Santa Fe&#39;s wooden stations in Arizona. It remains very nearly in its original configuration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On 29 July 1995, Wickenburg celebrated the one hundred year anniversary of its railroad depot (dedicated 29 July 1895). The structure stands in its original 1895 design, without additions or modifications, and is one of the few such surviving examples of "Wild West" railroad architecture. Vice-Mayor Carol Ann Beard briefly described the history of the depot, which now serves as the Chamber of Commerce. "Estelle&#39;s Garden", in memory of a longtime Chamber supporter, was dedicated at the ceremony.</p><br>
<p>This depot last saw passenger service in May 1969 when Santa Fe discontinued the daily train between Phoenix and Williams Junction.</p><br>
<p>Lime Rock is a village and historic district  in the town of Salisbury, Connecticut, United States, situated on the Salmon Kill. The village center and the historic district are substantially similar. The surrounding area is also generally referred to as Lime Rock.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Formerly known as "The Hollow", Lime Rock became a center of the iron industry with the establishment by Thomas Lamb of a forge in the village around 1734. As the iron industry expanded, Lime Rock later became the home of the Barnum and Richardson Company, which made it the capital of the historic iron industry of the upper Housatonic Valley. USA Senator William Henry Barnum, the chief executive of Barnum and Richardson and longest serving Chairman of the Democratic National Committee, resided in Lime Rock, and was the founder of Trinity Episcopal Church Trinity Lime Rock. He, along with many other personages of the area&#39;s historic iron industry, is buried in the Lime Rock Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>By 1923, Barnum and Richardson had closed its eastern works, which went bankrupt. Initially the village was largely abandoned, but by 1927 it had become the home of an artist colony, the Lime Rock Artists Association, which hosted major exhibits in the village in each of the nine years from 1927 through 1935. The original historic village is still largely intact.</p><br>
<p>In 1946, Alfred Korzybski moved the Institute of General Semantics from Chicago to the former Richardson mansion in Lime Rock where he directed it until his death in 1950. The Institute remained in Lime Rock until 1981 when it moved elsewhere.</p><br>
<p>Today Lime Rock is best known as the location of the automobile racing course at Lime Rock Park.</p><br>
<p>Kao is an island and stratovolcano in Tonga. It reaches 1,030 m above sea level, the highest point in Tonga. The date of its last eruption is unknown, and fresh lava flows are not seen, but the absence of deep erosional gullies or high sea cliffs suggests a very recent origin. It lies about 6 km north of Tofua island. The slopes of the island rise at angles exceeding 35 degrees to the summit, which has a series of small volcanic craters. The best access to Kao is by small boat on the South Coast of the island, although heavy swell can make this treacherous and a skilled boat coxswain is required. There are no permanent paths up to Kao&#39;s summit. Small areas on the lower slopes are cultivated by kava growers. The island is densely jungled on its lower flanks, interspersed with thick chest height ferns that are virtually impassable to all but the most determined trekkers armed with machetes and a good deal of stamina. Although just passable, the jungle area itself ends with a tree line at approximately 400m up the mountain, a brief belt of more thick fern gives way to shorter fern growth. However, 75m from the summit the thick fern returns. Kao is an exceptionally difficult hike and climb. There are many gullies and ravines, some covered in plant growth, difficult to see and treacherous.</p><br>
<h2>The oral tradition of Kao and Tofua</h2><br>
<p>E. W. Gifford, recording Tongan myths and tales in the 1920s, documented this explanation for Tofua&#39;s caldera and the creation of Kao Island to the north:</p><br>
<p>"Three deities from Samoa, Tuvuvata, Sisi, and Faingaa, conspired to steal Tofua. So they came and tore up the high mountain by its very roots and its place was taken by a large lake. This enraged the Tongan gods very much and one of them, Tafakula, essayed to stop the thieves. He stood on the island of Luahako and bent over so as to show his anus. It shone so brilliantly that the Samoan deities were struck with fear, thinking that the sun was rising and that their dastardly work was about to be revealed. Hence, they dropped the mountain and fled to Samoa. The mountain became the island of Kao."</p><br>
<p>The Carneal House is a historic residence located at 405 East Second Street in Covington, Kentucky, United States. Commonly believed to be Covingtons oldest surviving structure, the home was begun in the year 1815 by Thomas D. Carneal, one of the founders of the city of Covington. Carneal House is a two-story brick home with arched windows, built in an Italianate-Federalist style and somewhat influenced by late-Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio. Among noted visitors to the home was Revolutionary War hero the Marquis de Lafayette, who paid a call during his final American tour in 1824–1825. House was built for Aaron Gano in 1815 and sold to William Southgate in 1825. Lafayettes visit to the Southgates has been misunderstood, since the visit took place at Mrs. Adelizza Keene Southgate&#39;s home in Lexington, where they were visiting.</p><br>
<p>After the death of Mr. Carneal, the home was purchased by William Wright Southgate, a Congressman from Northern Kentucky who circa 1835 added the large west wing as residence for his extended family of thirteen children, in-laws, and household retainers. The home is part of Covington&#39;s prestigious Riverside Drive Historic District, and in recent years has operated as a private residence, and as a commercial bed and breakfast.</p><br>
<p>Locally famous for the supposed preternatural activity within the mansion&#39;s noted pink brick walls, Carneal House is said to be possessed by the spirit of "the Lady in Gray," identified according to folklore as a young woman who hanged herself on the grounds in Antebellum times, often described as motivated by a personal rejection at the hands of the visiting Marquis de Lafayette. Historians have been unable to verify either the story of the suicide or the paranormal happenings attributed to the resident ghost. This story is urban legend.</p><br>
<p>Golden Hill is an affluent and historic neighborhood overlooking the White River on the west side of Indianapoliss Center Township, in Marion County, Indiana. The district is bounded on the east by Clifton Street, which is west of Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard ; on the west by the White River and the Central Canal; on the south by Thirty-sixth Street; and on the north by Woodstock Country Club, immediately south of Thirty-eighth Street. Golden Hill is noted for its collection of homes designed by several of the citys prominent architects. The estate homes reflect several styles of period revival architecture. The district is known as for its community planning and remains an exclusive enclave for the city&#39;s prominent families. Golden Hill was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Originally platted by 1872, the area remained undeveloped until David McLean Parry, a wealthy Indianapolis industrialist, acquired a 100 acre tract on a ridge overlooking the White River between 1900 and 1907. The neighborhood takes its name from Parrys Golden Hill estate home. Scottish landscape architect George MacDougall designed its grounds. Further development began after Parrys death in 1915, when Parrys heirs hired MacDougall to plan an elegant residential subdivision. Platted as Golden Hill Estates, it was among the citys elite neighborhoods by the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>Fifty-four grand homes, several of them designed by Indianapoliss leading architects, were built along Golden Hill’s winding, tree-lined streets. All but eleven of them were built between 1915 and 1940, the historic districts period of significance. The neighborhoods oldest home dates to 1895. One of Golden Hills unusual features was an Alaskan totem pole that once stood near on the Parry estate. Totem Lane is named in reference to the local landmark, which was one of fifteen totem polies that Alaska&#39;s district governor, John Green Brady, collected from villages in southeastern Alaska in 1903. They were displayed at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in Saint Louis in 1904. (The one that ended up at Golden Hill was placed outside the Esquimau Village.) A replica of the Golden Hill totem pole is installed at The Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art in Indianapolis.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Although it had been platted in 1872, the neighborhood that became known as Golden Hill remained undeveloped until David McLean Parry, a wealthy industrialist and president of the Parry Manufacturing Company in Indianapolis, acquired property in the area between 1900 and 1907 to build a new home. Parry named his private estate Golden Hill. Scottish landscape architect George MacDougall designed the grounds for the estate on 100 acre of woods and rolling terrain overlooking the White River.</p><br>
<p>Further development began after Parrys death in 1915, when the family hired George MacDougall to plan an elegant residential subdivision with additional curving streets and beautiful green spaces for the citys wealthy families. Parry&#39;s heirs divided his land into smaller parcels, which was platted as Golden Hill Estates in 1915. Lots in the new residential development initially sold for $2,000 to $3,000 each.</p><br>
<p>By the 1920s Golden Hill was among the citys elite neighborhoods that also included the estate developments of Woodstock, Crows Nest, and Williams Creek. Of the fifty-four grand homes built at Golden Hill, all but of eleven of them were constructed between 1915 and 1940, the historic districts period of significance. Golden Hills collection of homes, several of them designed by the citys prominent architects, reflect a variety of period revival architecture styles. The district is also known as for its community planning.</p><br>
<p>In addition to Parry, whose heirs remained at Golden Hill until 1941, the neighborhoods previous residents included Dr. and Mrs. George H. A. Clowes, William B. Stokely (chairman of the board of Stokely-Van Camp, Inc. from 1948 to 1966), and William A. Atkins (heir to the E. C. Atkins and Company), among others. Ownership of Golden Hill homes generally stayed within the neighborhoods families, or were sold to family friends. Few were listed for sale on the open real estate market until the early 1990s. The Golden Hill Historic District remains an exclusive enclave for the city&#39;s prominent families.It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Golden Hill is an affluent and historic neighborhood on an upper ridge overlooking the White River. It is located on the near northwest side of Indianapolis, about 4.5 mi from the citys center. The secluded neighborhood on gently rolling terrain is bounded on the east by Clifton Street, which is west of Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard (formerly Northwestern Avenue), on the west by the White River and the Central Canal, on the south by Thirty-sixth Street, and on the north by Woodstock Country Club, which is immediately south of Thirty-eighth Street. The historic districts eastern boundary is adjacent to Bertha Ross Park, which obscures the neighborhood from traffic on Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard.</p><br>
<p>Golden Hill&#39;s estate homes are set along winding, tree-lined streets, on secluded property. The area immediately south of Golden Hill, south of Thirty-sixth Street, contains a neighborhood of smaller homes, many of them in the Bungalow and American Foursquare architectural styles.</p><br>
<h2>Notable features</h2><br>
<p>Golden Hill remains a residential neighborhood of large estate homes in park-like setting with well-manicured lawns and gardens. The historic district contains fifty-four estate homes. Eleven of them fall outside the district&#39;s period of historical significance, which is 1904 to 1940.</p><br>
<h3>Oldest home</h3><br>
<p>The neighborhood&#39;s oldest home dates to 1895, when it served at the homestead for the surrounding farmland. It was later altered into a substantial home in the Neo-Classical style.</p><br>
<h3>Parry estate</h3><br>
<p>The neighborhood takes its name from David M. Parry’s estate, which he called Golden Hill. The expansive home, built on a bluff overlooking the White River and the Central Canal in 1904, has an American Craftsman architectural style with Tudor Revival elements. William A. Atkins purchased the home on 4.5 acre of land in 1927. The Atkins family, who remodeled and enlarged the home to 21,000 square feet, continued as its owners until the 1960s. The vacant and deteriorated home was restored in 2012.</p><br>
<h3>Other homes</h3><br>
<p>Several of Indianapoliss leading architects designed homes at Golden Hill. These include Frederick Wallick; Pierre and Wright; Burns and James; and Foltz, Osler and Thompson, among others. The districts homes have a variety of architectural styles such as Tudor Revival, Colonial Revival, French Eclectic architecture, Italian Renaissance, and Spanish Mission Revival.</p><br>
<p>One home on Governors Road is notable for its unusual building materials. It was constructed around 1936 of concrete masonry in an effort to make it fireproof. The home&#39;s cinderblock exterior is covered in stucco.</p><br>
<h3>Bridge, gatehouse, and gates</h3><br>
<p>Golden Hill&#39;s stone bridge, gatehouse, and stone entrance gates at Thirty-sixth Street and Totem Lane are part of the original Parry estate and date from the turn of the twentieth century, when MacDougall initially designed the landscape. The fieldstone walls and gatehouse are built in the American Craftsman style to complement the Parry home.</p><br>
<h3>Totem Lane</h3><br>
<p>Golden Hill&#39;s Totem Lane is named in reference to a totem pole that once stood on the grounds of the Parry estate. The totem pole originally came from the Haida village of Koianglas, Alaska. Thirteen poles were eventually returned to Alaska and installed in the Sitka National Historical Park, one was sold to the Milwaukee Public Museum, and Gardner purchased the one he gave to Parry.</p><br>
<p>The totem pole remained a Golden Hill landmark until 1948, when the decayed pole, which had fallen down during a storm, was removed. None of its remains are known to exist. The totem&#39;s site at Golden Hill is identified with an Indiana Historical Bureau marker. A stone and bronze monument also marks its former location on the Parry estate. A replica of the Golden Hill totem pole was raised on April 13, 1996, on the front lawn of The Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art in Indianapolis, and was later installed in an interior atrium at the museum.</p><br>
<p>Tomort, or Tomurty, is the highest peak in the Karlik Mountains, a far eastern subrange of the Tien Shan mountain range in Xinjiang, China. While not of great absolute elevation among Chinese peaks, it is well-separated from higher terrain, and hence has a high topographic prominence.</p><br>
<p>Tomort was reconnoitered or attempted in 1996, 1997, 2000, and 2004, by Chinese and Japanese parties. Its first, and to date only, ascent was in 2005, by a small group from the Alpine Club of the National Defense Academy of Japan, led by Isao Fukura. They described the summit as a "table-top ice-snow plateau, with glaciers several kilometers long descending on all sides," which was reached by "a crevassed glacier and a 50 degree snow/ice face."</p><br>
<p>Knockdrin is an area north of Mullingar, in County Westmeath, Ireland. It is the home of the Westmeath Hunt, and its most notable building is Knockdrin Castle. The R394, the main Mullingar to Castlepollard road, runs through the area.</p><br>
<h2>Castle</h2><br>
<p>Knockdrin Castle is, according to The Buildings of Ireland: North Leinster (published in London in 1993 and better known as the Pevsner Guide to North Leinster), mainly an early 19th-century neo-Gothic structure. The current castle was purportedly designed by Richard Morrison, and was built on the site of High Park, the original 18th-century mansion that formerly stood there. The castle was constructed for Sir Richard Levinge, 6th Bt. (1785-1848), probably in the 1810s. As of late 2017, the castle is the home of the von Prondzynski family. The current owner, Prof. Ferdinand von Prondzynski, was President of Dublin City University from 2000 to 13 July 2010, and is now Principal and Vice-Chancellor of Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland.</p><br>
<p>Until the early 18th century, the main residence on the estate was a small Norman castle (often known locally as King Johns Castle&#39;) which was destroyed by fire. The main part of High Park, the previous mansion that stood on the site of the current Knockdrin Castle, may have been built in the early 18th century for Sir Richard Levinge, 1st Bt., M.P. (1656-1724), although there were probably further alterations and additions made to the house that were completed by the late 18th century. The Levinges came to Ireland with the Williamites, in the late 17th century. The first Sir Richard Levinge was Chief Justice of the Common Pleas and a member of the Lords Commissioners, who were appointed by the Crown to settle all the land questions which had arisen in Ireland after the Cromwellian conquest, the Restoration and the Williamite Wars. Sir Richard took advantage of his position to purchase the Knockdrin Estate from the Tuites, who were the Norman-Irish owners up to that time. At the time there were over 12,000 acre.</p><br>
<p>The present estate of about 1,000 acre was laid out as a hunting ground. Lord Randolph Churchill and his wife, Lady Randolph, parents of Winston, were frequent visitors. Jennie Churchill declared that the foxes were as wild as the locals. Winston Churchill himself privately visited the castle during the War of Independence.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the castle was taken over for troop accommodation and was occupied by a company of the 6th (Dublin) Infantry of the Irish Army. The army left in 1945 and handed the castle back to the Levinges.</p><br>
<p>The Levinges owned Knockdrin until 1946, although the last Sir Richard Levinge to live there (later a Director of Guinness Ltd.) had by then not been resident there for some time. In that year the estate was sold to Paddy Dunne-Cullinan, who remained there until 1961 when he in turn sold the estate to Hans Freiherr von Prondzynski, and his wife Irene Freifrau von Prondzynski, from Germany. The arable land is now leased out but the family continues to live in the castle. Until the very early 19th century, the castle and estate were called High Park. The property was then renamed Knockdrin, after a hill on the estate; the name is also related to Lough Drin, a small lake on the estate. The Irish name for the locality is Muine Liath (pronounced Moe in ah lee ah), which means Grey Shrubbery. Muine Liath is written in English as Monilea.</p><br>
<h2>Other castles in County Westmeath</h2><br>
<p>Ballinlough Castle</p><br>
<p>Clonyn Castle aka Delvin Castle</p><br>
<p>Killua Castle</p><br>
<p>Tullynally Castle</p><br>
<p>Tyrrellspass Castle</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Rowan, Prof. Alistair, and Casey, Dr. Christine, The Buildings of Ireland: North Leinster (popularly known as the Pevsner Guide to North Leinster). Yale University Press, Bloomsbury, London, 1993.</p><br>
<p>Canaan Valley is an oval, bowl-like upland valley in northeastern Tucker County, West Virginia, USA. Within it are extensive wetlands and the headwaters of the Blackwater River which spills out of the valley at Blackwater Falls. It is a well-known and partially undeveloped scenic attraction and tourist draw, associated with the Canaan Valley Resort State Park and the Blackwater Falls State Park.</p><br>
<p>Canaan Valley was designated a National Natural Landmark in 1974. The National Park Service citation indicates that the Valley is "a splendid museum of Pleistocene habitats... contain... an aggregation of these habitats seldom found in the eastern United States. It is unique as a northern boreal relict community at this latitude by virtue of its size, elevation and diversity." Since 1994, almost 70% of the Valley has become the Canaan Valley National Wildlife Refuge, the nation&#39;s 500th National Wildlife Refuge.</p><br>
<p>The local pronunciation of "Canaan" is, rather than the conventional for the Biblical region from which the area takes its name.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Valley, nestled among the higher ranges of the Allegheny Mountains, is about 13 mi long and 3 mi to 5 mi wide. It is defined by Canaan Mountain to the west and Cabin Mountain to the east. The Valley encompasses approximately 25,000 acres (although the greater Valley ecosystem is sometimes considered to consist of about 36,000 acres). The average valley floor elevation is 3,200 ft above sea level, making it the highest sizable valley east of the Mississippi River. The surrounding mountains extend upward an additional 1,250 ft to 4,450 ft. (1,356 m) at the summit of Weiss Knob on the southeastern rim of the valley.</p><br>
<p>The Blackwater River originates in the southern part of the Valley. The Falls of the Blackwater represent part of a water gap through which the river exits the Valley between Brown and Canaan Mountains before cascading through Blackwater Canyon.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Canaan Valley — like the very similar Burke&#39;s Garden in Virginia — is a southern "muskeg" occupying an anticline valley. The Valley itself is carved into the low dome of sedimentary rock known as the Blackwater Anticline, exposing the soft shales of the Mauch Chunk Formation. In the Canaan Valley region, the Blackwater River began carving into the underlying sedimentary rock layers of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian age (345–270 millions years ago) about one million years ago. The hard, erosion-resistant Pottsville Formation of sandstones is the higher layer supporting the mountains surrounding Canaan Valley and also constitutes the sharp rim of the nearby Blackwater Gorge. Tombstone-like outcroppings of Greenbrier Limestone are also exposed at places along the Valley floor. A relatively high area within the Valley – the Central Pocono Ridge – is composed of the erosion-resistant Pocono Group sandstone.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Because of its relatively high elevation of 3,200 feet, Canaan Valley has a cooler, moister climate than surrounding areas at lower altitudes.</p><br>
<p>Summers are cool and humid with afternoon maximum temperatures averaging in the mid 70s °F. Summer morning minimum temperatures average in the low 50s °F. Due to its altitude and "frost hollow" topography, extreme minimum temperatures below freezing (20s °F) have been recorded in every month of the year. The average growing season of about 95 days is shorter than in Fairbanks, Alaska in interior central Alaska.</p><br>
<p>Winters are typically cold and snowy with an average winter producing 134 inches (340 cm) of snowfall. The largest snowfall of 257 inches (650 cm) was recorded in 1995–96 winter. Even in the mildest of winters, over 5 feet (25 cm) of snow falls. Snow pack usually reaches a maximum depth of about 2 feet plus (0.7 m) in late February. In exceptionally cold snowy winters, packs can exceed 4 feet (1.2 m) in depth in the woods.</p><br>
<p>Due to its proximity to both the warm Gulf of Mexico and frigid interior northern Canada, periods of warm above freezing conditions alternate with frigid temperatures. This results in periods of rain and snow even during the coldest months. This characteristic of the climate normally holds snow depth on the ground to below what it would be without mild periods and rainfall occurring.</p><br>
<p>Canaan Valleys elevation and geographic location allows it to receive significant upslope snow (Orographic lift) regularly during the winter, particularly during prolonged periods of northwesterly winds coming off of the Great Lakes. Such synoptic situations can generate prolonged blizzard conditions. Located along the spine of the Central Appalachian Mountains, the Valley is often near the western edge of Noreasters, occasionally getting blizzards from strong, Atlantic moisture-laiden, easterly winds.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Prehistory and settlement</h3><br>
<p>Canaan Valley and surrounding areas were strongly impacted by the southward advance of glaciers some 15,000 years ago. Although the glaciers themselves did not extend into the area, this climatic change resulted in a very cool, moist environment that was forest-unfriendly. Later, as the ice receded, many cold-adapted plant species remained behind and survived due to the high elevation. Soon, however, this tundra-like vegetation was largely crowded out by the growth of an extraordinarily dense climax red spruce forest, intermixed with balsam fir and hardwoods.</p><br>
<p>The first whites to see Canaan Valley were likely the surveyors of the famous Fairfax Line who crossed Canaan Mountain in 1746 under conditions of extreme difficulty. According to a local tradition, a German settler named Henry Fansler, who was migrating from the Shenandoah Valley, viewed the valley from Cabin Mountain in April 1800 and exclaimed “Besiehe das Land Canaan”. Fansler and his family hacked out a living on Freeman Creek in the Valley for three years before the harsh winters and poor farming potential forced them to move to the mouth of the Blackwater a few miles away. Fansler was the first Canaan settler whose name is known, although there is known to have been an earlier abortive homesteader in the 1770s or ‘80s who left descendants elsewhere in the county.</p><br>
<p>The rugged and remote "High Allegheny" region (what is now east-central West Virginia), including the Valley, was bypassed by development for many decades. As large-scale settlement occurred to its north, south and west the region remained relatively wild. In the 19th Century, the Valley was a last refuge for many of the large mammal species that were being exterminated from the eastern United States. In about 1843, for example, three elk were killed in Canaan Valley by members of the Flanagan and Carr families, local settlers who habitually hunted there. These were likely the last elk found wild in the region that later became West Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The earliest settler to make a successful and permanent livelihood in the Valley came more than 60 years after Fansler when Solomon W. Cosner began living at Fansler’s old homestead in 1864. The country was described at that time as one of “…original forests is swampy, but, as soon as the timber is removed, the water dries up… Water stands in horse tracks in the woods.” Cosner, a Civil War veteran known as the “Pioneer of Canaan”, was a noted bear hunter. He and his sons were said to have killed more than 500 bears in Canaan Valley (as well as countless deer, two panthers and a wolf). Other families arrived to settle in the Valley in the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>In 1883, a Virginia adventurer, former Texas cowboy and land speculator named Charles R. Ruffin bought 5,000 acre of the Valley and organized the “Canaan Valley Blue Grass & Improvement Company”, but his scheme to create a vast and profitable cattle ranch came to nothing.</p><br>
<h3>Logging and wildfires</h3><br>
<p>Logging of the surrounding mountains was extensive in the 1880s and &#39;90s, but impenetrable understories of rhododendron made passage through the Valley floor almost impossible until the advent of a logging railroad in 1915. The productivity of the timber stands extracted from the Valley floor between 1888 and 1922 (when the last virgin timber was removed) was twice that of similar stands within the state. Maurice Brooks described the ensuing environmental damage in his classic book on Appalachian natural history:</p><br>
<p>Canaan Valley had a tragic history, and its comeback has been a slow one. A hundred years ago valley and surrounding ridges were covered by red spruce forest of a density that is hard to imagine today. Under such a forest the sun never reached to ground level, humus accumulated through the ages, and fire was not a threat. The lumbermen came, ultimately, and if total and permanent destruction of the entire area had been an aim it could scarcely have been more fully realized. An official of the company boasted that in 100,000 acre they had not left one stick of timber that would make a two-by-four. Log yields were fantastic; some land on the valley floor scaled 80,000 boardfeet to 100,000 boardfeet of lumber…. With all cover removed, organic material at ground level began to dry out; soon it was high-grade fuel, and the inevitable fires got started. There followed such a ground fire as this state has never seen before or since. For months this humus layer smoldered, and neither rains nor snows could stop the fire’s slow advance. The village of Davis was saved by a series of deep trenches around it, these kept filled with water carried from the Blackwater River. When the destruction was complete, all vegetable matter that wasn’t soaked had burned…. Bare rocks remained, and thin mineral soil, this often several feet lower than ground level in the original forest. Canaan and environs had become a desert. I have often wondered if the Pittsburgh company responsible for this has been proud of its job, and if it has enjoyed the resultant wealth.</p><br>
<p>By the 1920s, the Babcock Lumber and Boom Company had virtually exhausted its commercial prospects in the Valley. In 1923, the West Virginia Power and Transmission Company (WVPTC, later called Allegheny Power Systems), bought 13,230 acre in the northern half of the Valley from Babcock with a long-range plan to construct a hydroelectric power plant that would flood much of the Valley The WVPTC was not, of course, motivated by any preservationist or environmentalist impulses, but this land purchase was decisive for the fate of the Valley and the power company proved an unwitting guardian of the natural wetlands from development. According to Michael—a wildlife biologist with 30 years experience in the Valley—had this purchase not occurred by a public utility at a time when the scientific and environmental value of wetland was not yet recognized, the northern Valley would undoubtedly have been drained and developed by commercial and private interests in the 1950s and &#39;60s, as happened in the southern Valley.</p><br>
<p>Serious accidents, even fatal ones, were not uncommon in the logging industry in West Virginia in its heyday. A particularly noteworthy one occurred on 5 February 1924 in Canaan Valley when Babcock&#39;s Engine #4 wrecked and killed superintendent Fred V. Viering.</p><br>
<h3>Recovery and development</h3><br>
<p>In 1920, the southern third of the Valley was included in the newly established Monongahela National Forest, the first attempt to restore the forests that the previous generation had cut down. The logging railroads in the Valley were abandoned, then the rails were pulled up in 1925. The outside world intrude again in 1932, however, in the form of West Virginia Route 32 which bisects the southern end of the Valley, connecting Davis to Harman. This is the only north-south highway in the Valley and it was along this route that the later development of the 20th century occurred. Electrification came to this part of the Valley in 1938.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1930s, the Civilian Conservation Corps undertook as one of its projects the reforestation of Canaan Mountain. In areas where there was no soil at all to work with, trucks were run from the Valley continuously bringing dark muck soil to the mountaintop. Spruce seedlings were packed in, each requiring a bushel or two of soil, and by the 1940s a new spruce forest had been established on the slopes overlooking the Valley. In 1943–44, as part of the West Virginia Maneuver Area, the USA Army used the Canaan Valley area as a practice artillery and mortar range and maneuver area before troops were sent to European Theater of Operations to fight in World War II.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 1950, the Ski Club of Washington, DC was developing ski slopes on the Valley side of Bald Knob of Cabin Mountain Within the decade, a 3,600 ft slope on Cabin Mountain and a 3,900 ft slope on Weiss Knob had been developed. Because of its protection from the sun, snow on that side of the mountain often remains until April or later.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1970s, Canaan Valley Resort State Park was created at the southern end of the Valley in an attempt to further develop a ski industry in the state. An 18-hole golf course was also constructed there at this time.</p><br>
<h3>Controversy and preservation</h3><br>
<p>In 1970, Allegheny Power requested permits for the long-anticipated hydroelectric facility in the Valley. This power plant would have supplied electricity to major metropolitan areas of the northeastern United States. The proposal involved damming the Blackwater River with consequent flooding of about 8,000 acre, including all of the wetland — roughly 25% of the Valley floor. Public objections were raised and, in the midst of the furor, the Valley was designated a National Natural Landmark by the USA Department of the Interior in December 1974. In 1977, the Federal Power Commission issued a license to Allegheny for construction of a pumped storage hydroelectric project, formally known as the Davis Power Project. Contentious public hearings ensued and the following year the project was denied a Clean Water Act permit by the USA Army Corps of Engineers. The Corps decision cited adverse impacts upon the Valleys wetlands, a relatively new concept at the time. Allegheny appealed the Corps&#39; decision to the USA Court of Appeals which ruled that a Clean Water Act permit was in fact required for work to commence. The adverse ruling by the appeals court was itself appealed to the USA Supreme Court which in 1988 declined to hear the case. This represented the final nail in the coffin of the Davis Power Project.</p><br>
<p>In 1994, about 86 acre of the Valley were purchased by the USA Fish and Wildlife Service to establish a National Wildlife Refuge, the nation&#39;s 500th. In 2002, Allegheny – having kept development of most of the Valley at bay since its 1923 land purchase – finally sold its 12,000 acre to the government to be added to the Refuge. With additional acquisitions, the present Canaan Valley National Wildlife Refuge is almost 17,000 acre in extent.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<h3>Wetlands and boreal plants</h3><br>
<p>Canaan Valley shares much of the plant and animal life characteristic of the rest of the state, but its 40 botanical communities also include species otherwise found only in sub-arctic bogs and conifer forests much further north. It has been described by ecologists and conservationists as "a bit of Canada gone astray". The Valley includes several habitat types, but particularly noteworthy are its extensive wetlands, which are the largest in the entire central and southern Appalachian region; they form the second largest inland wetland area in the United States. These 8,400 or so acres of shrub swamp and bog represent approximately 40% of the wetland found in the state of West Virginia.</p><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>Over 580 plant species have been documented in the Valley, notably various mosses, sedges and heathers, the large cranberry and the Canadian blueberry. Also present are the sundew, marsh marigold, jack-in-the-pulpit, starflower and Canadian lily-of-the-valley. Late August experiences impressive blooms of cotton grass, a sedge otherwise found mostly in Alaska and Canada.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>More than 280 animal species have been recorded in the Valley.</p><br>
<p>MammalsThe valley and surrounding highlands provide some of the most southern pockets of snowshoe hare habitat. Other local mammals include beavers, muskrats, raccoons, opossums, and grey and red squirrels. Seen far less frequently are black bears, bobcats, coyotes, and red foxes. Of special note are large groups of white-tailed deer which can often be seen from the main roads. The deer have become so conditioned to human presence that they are no longer frightened; feeding and interacting with the deer is strongly discouraged.</p><br>
<p>BirdsBirdlife is prolific, especially those species attracted by the valley&#39;s wetlands. These include ducks (wood ducks, mallards, black ducks), Canada geese and the great blue heron. These wetlands are the southernmost nesting site for the American bittern. Notable migratory songbirds finding seasonal homes in the valley include the golden-winged warbler, scarlet tanager, indigo bunting, and Canada warbler. Raptors include red-tailed hawks, goshawks and the occasional peregrine falcon and bald eagle.</p><br>
<p>FishSmallmouth bass and various other sunfish are found in the upper Blackwater River. Native brook trout and introduced rainbow trout are also found in some of the cold, clean streams of the area.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism and recreation</h2><br>
<p>The Valley&#39;s unique climatic and natural features attract a steady flow of outdoor recreationalists. Camping, hiking, fishing (trout, bass), cross-country and downhill skiing, leaf-peeping, and wildlife viewing are popular outdoor activities. Upland game bird hunting (woodcock, ruffed grouse, common snipe, wild turkey) has long been popular in the Valley and is still permitted, even in the NWR, within season.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the two state parks and one wildlife refuge, the valley is home to two Alpine ski resorts (Canaan Valley Ski Resort and Timberline Four Seasons Resort) and one Nordic ski area (White Grass Touring Center).</p><br>
<p>Downtown Paterson is the main commercial district of Paterson, Passaic County, New Jersey, in the United States. The area is the oldest part of the city, along the banks of the Passaic River and its Great Falls. It is roughly bounded by Interstate 80, Garret Mountain Reservation, Route 19, Oliver Street, and Spruce Street on the south; the Passaic River, West Broadway, Cliff Street, North 3rd Street, Haledon Avenue, and the borough of Prospect Park on the west; and the Passaic River also to the north.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>After a devastating fire in 1902, the city rebuilt the downtown with massive Beaux-Arts-style buildings, many of which remain to this day. and are contributing properties to the Downtown Commercial Historic District. These buildings are usually four to seven stories tall. Downtown Paterson is home to City Hall and the Passaic County Court House, two of the city&#39;s architectural landmarks. City Hall was designed by the New York firm Carrere and Hastings in 1894 and is modeled after the Hôtel de Ville (city hall) in Lyon, France, capital of the silk industry in Europe. Downtown abounds with buildings designed by Fred Wesley Wentworth, some in collaboration with his draftsman and later partner Frederick J. Vreeland, who worked in the city from the turn of the century to the 1930s. The Cathedral of St. John the Baptist survived the fire. As the county seat Paterson is home to the Passaic County Court House complex, Passaic County Community College, and several federal and state offices. Center City Mall is a 320,000 ft&sup2; shopping mall at 301 Main Street opened in 2009, and is home to the acclaimed Hamilton & Ward Steakhouse. The massive Masjid Jalalabad mosque, which can accommodate 1,500 worshippers, is located on Van Houten Street. Paterson Broadway Bus Terminal is a major regional bus terminal. Downtown has a diverse ethnic makeup with large Dominican, Puerto Rican, and Mexican populations. Little Lima, the largest Peruvian American enclave in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Historic districts</h2><br>
<p>Many places that are on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Passaic County, New Jersey are located in Paterson, and several are located Downtown, including the Paterson Downtown Commercial Historic District, roughly bounded by Patterson, Ward and Gross streets, and Hamilton Avenue; Paterson City Hall at 155 Market Street, added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 12, 1999; and Public School Number Two at Mill and Passaic streets. The Great Falls Historic District overlaps Downtown to the west.</p><br>
<h2>Tallest commercial buildings</h2><br>
<h2>CBD, SID, and UEZ</h2><br>
<p>The central business district of Paterson is the area closest to the Passaic River on the west side of the city. The areas along Market Street and Main Street are some of the busiest and largest commercial districts in Paterson. Downtown was once a shopping mecca for northern New Jersey. As with many other older urban cores in the United States, it suffered as shoppers and retailers moved to the suburban shopping malls of the region. For a large part, Downtown retailers are "mom and pop" retailers who employee local residents. In 1997, a special improvement district (SID) created by Merchants and Businesses of Downtown Paterson, comprising over 300 stakeholders, updated storefronts and beautified city streets with signage and lighting. Downtown SID employees supplement the municipal cleaning, informational, and safety services of the city by maintaining a "Clean and Safe" staff. The association participates in many city activities with sponsorships such as the Great Falls Festival and the annual 4th of July fireworks show, one of Northern New Jersey&#39;s largest. Additionally, the SID implements several events throughout the year in Downtown Paterson. Downtown Paterson was an Urban Enterprise Zone (UEZ), which means that participating stores sell merchandise at 3.5% sales tax, instead of the normal 7% sales tax. The UEZ also invested greatly in Downtown Paterson and the entire stretch of Main Street, with a beautification project. New street furniture such as benches, garbage cans, newspaper kiosks, bus shelters, clocks, bike racks have been installed.</p><br>
<h2>Dublin Area</h2><br>
<p>Dublin, considered the first neighborhood of Paterson, was built up around the mills near Great Falls. The area, which is responsible for the early growth of Paterson, has a rich history and has had a diverse and changing ethnic makeup. Originally settled by Irish immigrants, the neighborhood has seen waves of English, Italians and more recently Hispanic immigrants. The Dublin area today incorporates parts of Old Great Falls Historic District and the area on Market Street, which has a large Peruvian and Argentine population today.</p><br>
<h2>Wrigley Park</h2><br>
<p>Wrigley Park is the northern section of downtown, north of Broadway and to the east of the Passaic River. Wrigley Park is a predominantly African-American community and is mostly residential. The area is considered to be one of the more dangerous sections of Paterson along with areas of the Northside, although the crime rate has declined gradually in recent years.</p><br>
<h2>The Northside</h2><br>
<p>Northside is a mostly residential neighborhood on the north bank of the Passaic River. The neighborhood stretches back to Paterson&#39;s borders with Haledon and Prospect Park. The neighborhoods on this side of the river are up a steep hill that gives many of the houses and streets in the Northside great views of Manhattan.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Train service began with the Paterson and Hudson River Railroad in 1833. Erie Railroad ran service on its Newark Branch and Main Line.The Paterson rail station is located in Downtown. Paterson is served by New Jersey Transit on the Main Line and limited service on the Port Jervis Line.</p><br>
<p>The Broadway Bus Terminal is the point of origin for numerous New Jersey Transit Bus Operations&#39; local and Manhattan-bound bus lines.</p><br>
<p>Interstate 80 passes south of Downtown. New Jersey Route 19, known as the Paterson Peripheral, connects Interstate 80 and the Garden State Parkway to Downtown where it becomes Ward Street.</p><br>
<p>Dodge City Public Library, located north of downtown at 1001 N 2nd Ave, Dodge City, Kansas, is the city&#39;s main library. A member of the Southwest Kansas Library System, it has a collection of approximately 123,000 volumes, and it circulates more than 189,000 items annually. It offers several services to the public, including computer classes, public internet access, and programs for children and adults.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1905, a group of Dodge City residents asked philanthropist Andrew Carnegie to fund a library building for the city. Carnegie responded with a grant of $7500; construction of a building at the downtown intersection of 2nd and Spruce began in 1906, and the library opened in February 1907. It remained in the Carnegie building until 1970. In 1979, the building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. In 1981, the Dodge City Arts Council obtained funds to preserve the building, operating it as the Carnegie Art Center.</p><br>
<p>The library moved to its current facility in 1981.</p><br>
<h2>Other city libraries</h2><br>
<p>Other libraries in the city include the DCCC Library, which holds more than 30,000 volumes and serves as a federal depository library, and the Kansas Heritage Center, a non-profit resource center and research library operated by Dodge City Public Schools dedicated to the history of Kansas, the Great Plains, and the Old West.</p><br>
<p>The Eastside Park Historic District is a residential neighborhood in the Eastside of Paterson, New Jersey. The Eastside Park section of the city is generally defined as the area of the city bordered by Vreeland Avenue and East 33rd Street  to the west, 20th Avenue to the south, McLean Boulevard  to the east, and Martin Luther King, Jr. Way  to the north. The Eastside Park section is delineated from the Manor section of the city by Broadway, which becomes Route 4 before crossing the Passaic River into Elmwood Park  in Bergen County.</p><br>
<p>Once the home of the citys industrial and political leaders, the neighborhood experienced a significant downturn as industry fled Paterson. In recent years, people have begun moving back into the neighborhood and are restoring some of the areas historic houses. The jewel of the neighborhood remains Eastside Park and the mansions that surround it. In addition, this section of Paterson once had a large Jewish population, with the original sites of Barnert Temple and both situated in the section. The Eastside Park neighborhood now houses the Paterson campus of the, one of the largest Muslim communities in the United States, which serves a congregant base of over 25,000 people.</p><br>
<p>The Eastside Park Historic District, a state and nationally registered historic place, is situated across both the Eastside Park and Manor sections of the city. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 7, 2004.</p><br>
<p>The Ganga Canal  of Rajasthan is an irrigation system of canals laid down by Maharaja Ganga Singh of Bikaner in his princely state in the present district of Sri Ganganagar in the early twentieth century. It is fed from the Sutlej River near Firozpur, Punjab, close to the India–Pakistan border, and passes through the Faridkot and Muktsar districts. Faridkot&#39;s Jhok Sarkari village lies on its path.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Bikaner state was affected by the worst famine in 1899–1900. In order to get rid of this problem permanently, in 1903 Maharaja Sri Ganga Singh obtained the services of A. W. E. Standley, Chief Engineer, who demonstrated the feasibility of the western area of the Bikaner State being brought under irrigation from the Satluj Waters. The plan of the Satluj Valley Project was drawn by then Chief Engineer of Punjab Mr. R. G. Kennedy according to which the vast area of erstwhile Bikaner state could be brought under irrigation. Because of objections by the erstwhile State of Bahawalpur, the project got delayed and finally with intervention of then Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon, in 1906, a Tripartite Conference was held and an agreement was reached and signed on 4 September 1920. The foundation stone of the Canal Head Works at Ferozepur was laid on 5 December 1925 and the work completed in 1927 by constructing 89 miles of lined canal. The opening ceremony was performed on 26 October 1927 by Lord Irwin, the then Viceroy of India. The plan for Sri Ganganagar was drawn at this time. And irrigated parts of Bikaner state came under Sri Ganganagar district and now parted Hanumangargh District.</p><br>
<p>During the Partition of India, Sir Cyril Radcliffe, the chairman of the Punjab Boundary Commission, initially proposed to award the Ferozpur and Zira tehsils of the Ferozpur District to Pakistan. This would have put the headwaters of the Ganga Canal in the territory of Pakistan. Bikaner&#39;s prime minister K. M. Panikkar warned the Viceroy Lord Mountbatten that the Bikaner state would have no choice but to accede to Pakistan in that event. Jawaharlal Nehru also wrote to the Viceroy stating that it would be "most dangerous" for the Ferozpur district to go to Pakistan for "strategic and irrigation reasons". Subsequently, Radcliffe altered the boundary line retaining the entire Ferozpur district within India.</p><br>
<p>Washington Square, also known as Washington Square Park, is a park in Chicago, Illinois. A registered historic landmark that is better known by its nickname Bughouse Square , it was the most celebrated open air free-speech center in the country as well as a popular Chicago tourist attraction. It is located across Walton Street from Newberry Library at 901 N. Clark Street in the Near North Side community area of Chicago, Illinois, USA. It is Chicago&#39;s oldest existing small park. It is one of four Chicago Park District parks named after persons surnamed Washington . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 20, 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Origin</h2><br>
<p>On September 4, 1842, the city received a 3 acre parcel that was donated by the members of the American Land Company for use as a public park. The property had once been a cow path with a well for farmers to water their cattle.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original purpose of the neighborhood park was as a place of assembly to discuss community issues.</p><br>
<p>Washington Square Park has been the geographic center of Chicago public speeches. By the 1890s the park acquired its Bughouse Square moniker. Soapbox orators waxed on topics ranging from gender relations to Communism.</p><br>
<h2>Washington Square Historic District</h2><br>
<p>Washington Square Historic District is a historic district in Chicago, Illinois that includes Washington Square Park, Chicago. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 21, 2003. The Washington Square District was declared a Chicago Landmark on May 16, 1990. The original 1990 Washington Square Park District Chicago Landmark designation included the park, Newberry Library, 60 West Walton Street and 915 to 929 North Dearborn Street. The first Chicago Landmark district extension on July 10, 2002 included 22-28 and 27-31 West Chestnut Street and 802-818, 827-867, 1012, 1023-1029, and 1150-1154 North Dearborn Street. The May 11, 2005 extension added the Isaac Maynard Row Houses located at 119-123 West Delaware Place. The National Register of Historic Places included Washington Square as well as North Dearborn Street from West Walton Street to West Chicago Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Every July, the Bughouse Square Committee continues to oversee the annual Bughouse Square Debates free speech gathering in conjunction with the Newberry Library’s annual book sale. The debates are part of an annual festival to recreate the atmosphere of speeches and debates by soap box orators that once flourished in the park.</p><br>
<p>Although Alderman McCormicks fountain was removed in the 1970s, in the late 1990s, the park district, the city, and neighborhood organizations agreed on a restoration plan for Washington Square. Improvements include a reconstructed historic fountain, period lighting, fencing, and new plantings. In the west part of the park, there is a memorial tablet designating the park as "Chicagos Premier Free Speech Forum."</p><br>
<h2>Related Fora</h2><br>
<p>Jack Jones’s Dill Pickle Club, also known as the indoor Bughouse Square.</p><br>
<p>Washington Park forum, also known as the Bug Club.</p><br>
<p>Lake Redstone is in La Valle in northern Sauk County of Wisconsin, United States.</p><br>
<p>Lake Redstone is a reservoir. Construction of the lake was started in 1964. The lake&#39;s surface area is approximately 650 acre, with over 17 mi of shoreline and 4½ miles long. Lake Redstone has no mandatory owners association, but owners are encouraged to join the Lake Redstone Property Owners Association. Lake Redstone has a 19,200 acre watershed to the north from Juneau County that fills the lake. The dam is located at the south end and has a top draw spillway. All excess water creates a cascading waterfall and eventually flows into the Baraboo River. It is located in Sauk County, approximately seven miles from Reedsburg, and only three miles from LaValle.</p><br>
<p>Mount Lokon, together with Mount Empung, is a twin volcano  in the northern Sulawesi, Indonesia, roughly 10 km south of Manado. Both rise above the Tondano plain and are among active volcanoes of Sulawesi. Mount Lokon has a flat and craterless top. Its active crater is located on its foot, named "Tompaluan" crater.</p><br>
<p>Lokon formed during a period of andesitic volcanism on ring fractures resulting from the Tondano caldera&#39;s early to mid-Pleistocene collapse. Recently erupted material remains andesitic in composition and consists of ash plumes and, less commonly, pyroclastic flows and lava domes.</p><br>
<p>The volcano erupted on 15 July 2011, forcing thousands of people to evacuate.</p><br>
<p>The volcano again began showing signs of activity on 10 February 2012, and 19 September 2012 (11:01pm). An eruption occurred at 8:20, am the same day sending an ash plume two miles into the sky. Local residents have been evacuated from a two and a half mile exclusion zone around the volcano. An eruption occurred on 17 December 2012.</p><br>
<p>Indonesia has 129 volcanoes including Mount Lokon. The eruption of Mount Lokon in 1991 killed a Swiss hiker and forced thousands of people to flee their homes.</p><br>
<p>Mount Tondano in the province of North Sulawesi, Sulawesi, Indonesia, has a 20 &times; 30 km wide caldera which was formed in the Late Miocene or Early Pliocene</p><br>
<p>formed by a massive eruption. Post caldera activity includes Pyroclastic cones, obsidian flows and geothermal areas in the caldera area. The Lake Tondano lies in the east side of the caldera.</p><br>
<p>The 5 km long and 3.5 km wide ellipsoidal Pangolombian caldera lies entirely within the Tondano Caldera, and formed from a large eruption of an older Somma volcano</p><br>
<p>In more recent times, the somma volcanoes of Soputan, Sempu, Lokon-Empung and Mahawu have been constructed along the rim of the Tondano caldera, with Soputan being the youngest and most frequently active of the group. The Tondano caldera has been investigated as a potential source for geothermal energy to support the growing population in the vicinity of the caldera. Energy demand has been growing in Indonesia, and the Tondano caldera system could potentially provide clean energy for thousands of residents in northern Sulawesi.</p><br>
<p>The Harlan and Hollingsworth Office Building is a historic office building located in Wilmington, New Castle County, Delaware. It was completed in 1912, and stands on the corner of West St. and the Wilmington Rail Viaduct. It is a three-story, detached, rectangular brick-faced building with two small rear wings in the Colonial Revival style. It features two large, decorated copper-faced bay windows projecting from each face of the right corner of the second story.</p><br>
<p>By 1910, existing office facilities at the Harlan Plant of Bethlehem Steel (formerly Harlan and Hollingsworth) had become inadequate, and work started on a new office building. It survived the closing of the Harlan Plant in 1944, and once housed laboratories for Gates Engineering Company. The building was purchased by 100 South West Street Associates in 1991 and restored.</p><br>
<p>It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Hueco Mountains are a range of mountains that rise in southern Otero County, New Mexico and extend twenty-seven miles south into Texas, generally along the El Paso–Hudspeth county line just east of the city of El Paso, Texas. The highest point of the range is the Cerro Alto Mountain  in Hudspeth County.</p><br>
<p>The Hueco Bolson, a down-dropped area with an elevation of 4,000 feet above sea level, with sedimentary fill nearly 9,000 feet thick, lies between Hueco and Franklin Mountains. Shallow, stony soils in the Hueco Mountains support oak, juniper, and some mesquite. The mountains were part of the Rocky Mountain trend, forced upward as part of the Laramide mountain-building period during the late Cretaceous, 60 to 70 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>The word hueco is Spanish for hollow, gap, or hole.</p><br>
